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Home My WebLink About2024-04-22 24-132 OrderCITY COUNCIL ACTION Council Meeting Date: Item No: Responsible Dept: Requested Action: Summary Committee Action Meeting Date: For: Against: City Manager City Solicitor Finance Director Map/Lot: Introduced for: Order Committee: Action: Staff Comments & Approvals Date: Item No: Assigned to Councilor: IN CITY COUNCIL APRIL 22, 2024 CO 24-132 Motion made and seconded for Passage Passed ��:,w�,��° '" .�� °,„�,��"��,°��*°.�� CITY CLERK /1��; �i��j �,,,,;�j�� /f ��j/; �'�iiiii�ii/ ��%/iii� /'/ i ,�� Regional Climate ii�r �i//' 'i, !% � Y I I �!i %''�i ,,, � ,,,, r Assessment °� � % �f�`�,� ��r�� % �f1// ��yr� ��/ �'� December 2022 ,�'.�� ,�r�� CLI�1�,TE �CTIt7N t� ,,%��,�,��x y��a�,,,;ar � �� I 2/Table of Contents • : r / ' r i � � � � i n ��. li -'f f."`e,a d? ,/dd . � �e,a . � ,�✓'� 1.Executive Summar 4 5.Infrastructural Impacts and Vulnerabilities..............42 y....................................................... WhaYs Changing?Climate Projections.................................6 Transportation System........................................................42 WhaYs at Risk?Key Vulnerabilities......................................7 Energy System.....................................................................45 Foundation for Building Regional Resilience.....................11 Water and Wastewater Systems........................................48 Communications System....................................................51 2.Methodology&Tools...................................................12 Other Critical Facilities........................................................53 Assessment Methodology...................................................12 Interactive Regional Map&Data Viewer............................15 6.Socioeconomic Impacts and Vulnerabilities............55 Local Economy/Livelihoods................................................55 3.Climate Hazards...........................................................17 Education,Community,&Culture......................................58 Future Climate Scenario......................................................17 Health...................................................................................60 Tem pe ratu re.........................................................................18 Housing................................................................................64 Precipitation.........................................................................21 FoodSecurit 67 y....................................................................... Extreme Weather Events.....................................................25 Sea Level Rise......................................................................27 7.Additional Considerations...........................................69 Consideration of Disproportionate Impacts.......................28 Social Vulnerability..............................................................69 LandCover...........................................................................70 4.Environmental Impacts and Vulnerabilities.............30 Resilient and Connected Lands..........................................71 Waterbodies and Waterways..............................................30 Wetlands..............................................................................32 Acknowledgements..........................................................72 ForestsandTrees................................................................34 Appendices........................................................................73 Conservation Lands,Parks,Trails,and Recreation...........37 Appendix A:GIS-based Asset Exposure Scores.................73 Agriculture............................................................................39 Appendix B:Regional Map Data Layer Index.....................74 Appendix C:Regional Stakeholder Interviews Summary..75 3/Table of Contents e� / ��; i � I /',; �i,ll' fI f, , I� / I�� a , ,� o,� �, Weather patterns and climate trends are changing,and they are advantage of opportunities,such as grants,that can bring predicted to continue to change through the end of the century about new strategies,initiatives,and programs to build and beyond.The impacts are being felt differently across resilience. Maine,prompting a need to understand how these changes in climate are affecting specific regions to inform local and regional decision making.This Climate Vulnerability Assessment r ' } I I � was prepared for the communities of:Bangor,Orono,Brewer, �' Penobscot Indian Island,Veazie,Bradley,Hampden,Hermon, � ��' �� Milford,Old Town,and Orrington,as well as the University of Maine-the collective region spanned by these communities is °Di �h8 fY10St VUI�IIGI'ab��2 referred to as the Penobscot Climate Action Region in this (��'�� people,assets, atl�' Assessment. systems in the region. This Climate Vulnerability Assessment presents the current and UJJ� Strategies in the Regian'S future climate risks to the Penobscot Climate Action Region, �I�1111atG ACtI0C1 atld and how those risks will affectthe natural environment, Adaptation Plan. infrastructure,and the community-livelihoods and wellbeing- including the most essential assets and systems.Additionally, °1�' PCIOI"ItIZatIOCI Of pY0J10C�S this Assessment considers how climate risks will affect various Inf�►rm funded under federal and populations with special attention to the most vulnerable state infrastructure and people,such as older adults.The methods for this assessment resilience pragrams. included GIS-based mappingto screen for climate hazard Other local or regiomal � exposures,a review of relevant reports and studies related to the region,its people,and assets,and use of local expertise pO�ICI@S,zoning, and and lived experience through a series of workshops and plans. stakeholder interviews involving more than 50 people. rr» �h� C�II111'T1Ullity a�OUt The information this report provides,along with a regional GHG Ce�l011��ViU�f18t'�bl�''Itl$S, inventory,forms the baseline assessment for the Region to espeeially social conduct climate action and adaptation planning.Planning and ��Ct�t�' action are vitally importantforstrengtheningthe Region and vulnerabilities, and protecting lives and livelihoods- both in the shortterm and the environ�nec�tal impaets long term.This information also allows the Region to take related to climate change. �/1.Executive Summary � v��w ,ii; �. �� ,,,r � ��i:� r;, ,��- . � � Flgur�LL•Penobscot Cllmate�►ctlon F�egfon ��,�� .�' ii ,:::. .: �;; ' 6 i. ,' `r: �;'... �� r � n 1114 i�� , . , . ��dYq��W;t J I � �µ °, / � r 5/1.Executive Summary • : r / ' ��I��a�U.��a��„�I��a�1111p��u�IIlY1lpu�e ��II�IIIY'"I�Oi6��'� ��°IY�Y��"'��:'�IIff�Ulfbn"Q I�Ising Temperatures � Central Maine has warmed by over 3°F over the last century and the rate of warming has accelerated in recent t ' `�� decades.The northeast is warming faster than any other region in the U.S. � � � �° ��;, � 2r` a Extreme heat is increasing.By late century,the Penobscot Climate Action Region could experience 3 weeks per �i��aq��Kr � year with days over 100°F.Developed areas,with lots of buildings and pavement,become"heat islands"and experienceeven highertemperatures. Warming causes seasonal shifts such as earlier ice out on lakes,warming waterbodies,less snow and more rain and ice in winter,and an expanded growing season. � �� r/////��r�� r e I I lon and Inlan In �� . Maine is receiving more rain,especially in the summer and early fall.Heavy storms of 2-4 inches are becoming i� more frequent.Since 200Q there have been 10-15 additional heavy rainstorms per year compared to the previous century. ��„ � . There is uncertainty around whether there will be more drought in Maine's future;however,future droughts will I%ii� �, � be amplified by warmer temperatures and increased evaporation. Increases in intense,short-duration precipitation events create risk for more surface flooding or flash flooding events,especially in developed areas where infrastructure is not designed for these events or on dry soil which absorbs less water. re u an In Since the 1950's,storm frequency and intensity has been increasing across the Northern Hemisphere,with changes observed mostly during the cold season.The trend is expected to continue for most extreme weather events,including nor'easters. � %�, ��- �� , As the earth warms and causes ocean expansion and glacier melt,Maine is projected to experience 3.9 to 8.8 �;� feet of sea level rise by the year 2100.The Penobscot River is tidally influenced up to Bangor exposing parts of '' " the region adjacenttothe riverto risingsea levels and correspondingstorm surge. y,;l (r� 6/1.Executive Summary �'Irnv�G.'�� v��A�� u��.Qll�',�� ,�.�y� \d�,illi��rir�.��ll�ullu�u��J��Q fllrw=le'�Ilr"r'I�II1};�,I.;y V�„IIY1�,1<.Il�lhll�;t�;;s�v�,l f,I��'.;�lllll�,fl 1�;;Ye�,�,111rw= Eff@Ct5 Of FIOOdIII�alld EXtY@Ill@ W@ath@Y 011 YY'U,.IIlll71�^��7YT'iYlu.11llly�'z,dt�flii. aa",r r��,t',f: TYa115pOYtat1011I11fYaStiYUCtUY@a11CIS@YVIC@S u I II��,I��s�,I Il�,�,��lri�?<,i�I�:rCi�i�i� �.�alPi�i �n��Cr�,i.,��,i1��Cir,ri The Region's transportation infrastructure is agingand carrying ii i<,.��rCri,�,lin< <dri�l.,�i�i�,��; significantdeferredmaintenance.Extremeprecipitationevents . I II��,I��s�,I Pi<<,I C,r �i,li�i��bR �?i�n,�,��; �„�x�,idll�-.,�i i�n��s already cause detours and road and culvert washouts multiple , I II� ,I��'�;��I Pi�t,l�9r�I�rl��,r'n� �.<<,IPiG,i �n �i�i�;jr times per year.Extreme weather events-including heavy rain, ii i Cri,,lin��; snow,andiceevents-disruptoperationsforPublic,ADA,and medical transportation providers,including the Community . `;i�i<�II bi,�,ii�.,�;vi,h �i�dbilil�-�,i�I��ie;��,i��li��s��s Connector and Penquis. u I Pii<<d�C UI �I��I<'�piii�i I��i��;., iii< <,ii�'J�,liiii�,l�;iiii�?i�,lir�ri r�ri i<,I i,i d I i�.,�,i,i�,��,�; U nderlying some of these chal lenges is workforce capacity and the ability of small workforces to carryout planned , I II��,I<'�I ii�,n �?I��,iii��i<,li�rF ��i i��Cui�,l i�.,<'�ur�,�.a, transportation improvement projects and respond to significant �.,�x�,idll�-li<<.,di �I I��i�.;�Ct; fluctuations in demand whether that involves storm response or u (;�,,,I��f<,�I�,��I�,tiCn �,�,i�i�x�,tii�?�,iCri C,IPi�i �,r,rrn�ii,i il�- i��:<<��'s accommodating rescheduled trips when publictransit operations resume.The transportation infrastructure underlies r,,,,.. , � the restofthe Region's critical services includingemergency �,, . „i�,r� ��«<�� , � � �� "�� ` response,access to jobs,school,and medical services,and the ability for businesses and farmers to receive supplies and � deliver their goods to market. ��"� ' � As the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation events mmii ��8 �' i � � and other storms increases,and the floodplain expands,this ��-� � ��'� � � , existing problem is going to get worse.There is a �- �� disproportionate impact on more vulnerable populations as lower income workers tend to hold jobs that cannot be done remotely.Seniors,people with disabilities,and people without access to a personal vehicle are more severely impacted when �a"` public transportation services become unavailable. 7/1.Executive Summary • : r / ' Effects of Extreme Heat on Vulnerable Groups, Effects of Heat and Extreme Weather on Energy Especially Seniors Infrastructure Rising temperatures and extreme heat will be one of the most Gradual increases in temperature and an extended warm significant changes and challenges for residents of the region. season are transforming energy demand in the Region. Extreme heat increases incidents of heat-related illness and Buildings that once didn't require air conditioning,such as the death,but also has numerous indirect effects such as lowering Region's schools and older buildings across the UMaine air quality on high heat days which exacerbates symptoms of campus,now require it.Residents,especially those most asthma and other respiratory illnesses.Over the last 30 years, vulnerable to heat includingthe elderly,the very young,and heat has been more deadly than any other weather-related individuals with chronic or mental illnesses,are finding they event,including hurricanes,floods,and tornadoes.1 need air conditioning at home as well.Some parts of the Individuals who work outdoors,people engaging in outdoor region's grid,including in Orono,are already at capacity,which sports and recreation,and those who travel by public transit, will pose challenges with increased loads and a societal shift to biking,or walking are among those who will have greater electrify buildings and transportation. exposure.Though not true for all,seniors tend to have multiple The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme storms risk factors that contribute to heat vulnerability.Older people exacerbates this vulnerability.A robust tree canopy is one of the have less capacity to adapt to heat stress and may have region's assets,especially as it relates to protecting people and underlying health conditions that are exacerbated by heat.2 the environment in the face of rising temperatures;however,it Residents may shelter-in-place on extreme heat days when is also a liability when located in the vicinity of vulnerable being outside poses a health hazard;this could increase social infrastructure. isolation.On the other hand,seniors may need cooling centers if the temperatures in their homes become unsafe.Homes in New England(especially older homes)are designed to keep residents warm-not cool-with techniques that promote trapping heat,such as dark and steep roofs.Living on a fixed income can be prohibitive to completing energy retrofits or adding air conditioning to their homes(only about half of homes in Maine have air conditioning).They may not be physically able to install air conditioners alone.Even with air conditioning, electric bills for cooling in the summer can put a strain on one's ability to afford other essentials. 1 Weather Related Fatality and Injury Statistics.National Weather Service. Z Heat Health Prevention Measures and Adaptation in Older Populations—A Retrieved October 27,2022,from https://www.weather.gov/hazstat/. Systematic Review.Int 1 Environ Res Public Health.Retrieved December 6,2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6SSS447/. 8/1.Executive Summary • : r / ' Small Business Vulnerability and Preparedness � �� „ �rtr„ ,a M� ��uoN ��u The majority of businesses in the region are considered small i businesses and provide employment,goods,and services. ° �� m Local small businesses are still recoveringfrom the impacts of �� f� -° " ?�,, � the COVID-19 pandemic including revenue loss from lower '�;�f",r� �" i�,, demand and increased operating expenses to implement public � �� a�.�� health and safety measures.Presently,businesses are '� � �-�i � �i , �" responding to inflation and numerous supply chain disruptions, ��, y�y� �� some of which can be tied to climate-related disasters in other e�9 ��' � parts ofthe world.These strains on human and financial �� ° �� y �� resources can compete with small businesses'ability to prepare ��' ''"' �`"�� r��'�� ,�ji,i � ;j,; for climate change.The most commercially developed part of � '��" � ��ti��, "� �� u the area,downtown Bangor,is also one of the most vulnerable �'' ��,,,��w "� � � �%'y� ��r� � ii�,„� areas to flooding.And all parts of the region are vulnerable to „ localized flooding,short-term,long-term,or permanent closures "� "� �bl ��; from extreme storm events,rising operating costs as the global � � �Ji�J� r economy responds to climate-related disruptions,and gradual � �i impacts-such as changes to the recreational economy. '� (('"��r °��' � i� Potential Increase in Development Pressure and Climate Migration on Natural Resources The Bangor metro area experienced a population decline of take advantage of a locale with robust natural resources,and approximately 0.9%between 2010 and 2020.3 However, Penobscot County and the state overall are expected to since Maine's bitter cold winters will subside with rising experience a net increase in population in the coming years.4 temperatures.5 Further,inland Maine is often considered a likely destination for In addition to population growth and potential climate climate migration as people from other parts of the country migration,housing affordability is a significant challenge in the experiencing sea-level rise,drought,and wildfires come and region with more than 50%and sometimes more than 70%of households in a given community unable to afford the average 3 Bangor Metro Area Population(2022�.https://worldpopulationreview.com/us- 5 UMaine School of Marine Sciences(2017�. cities/bangor-me-population https://umaine.edu/marine/2017/09/1S/climate-refugees-see-safety-maine-can- 4 Maine State Economist(2015�.Maine Population Outlook 2016- prepare-migration-triggered-extreme-weather/;NPR(2022�. 2026.https://www.maine.gov/dafs/economist/sites/maine.gov.dafs.economist/file https://www.mainepublic.org/environment-and-outdoors/2022-05-17/for-all-its- s/i nl i ne-fi les/Ma i ne%20Population%200utlook%20to%202026.pdf peri Is-cl i mate-cha nge-cou Id-make-mai nes-frigid-i nterior-more-hospita ble 9/1.Executive Summary • : r / ' 2-bedroom rent.Multiple regional stakeholders described � ,�� '� ^�( �' homelessness as a growing issue in the region.s ' �� , Pressures to add housing to address both these trends could �� ' °r " �, "� �� " �, , , r � plaee a strain on the region's natural resources which provide �� - � ?� � � �� y substantial ecosystem service benefits(e.g.carbon � "J � "°' '�' � �� ...,, � ,� 1 sequestration,cooling,flood mitigation,and habitats)that � � �� , �� support humans as well as biodiversity.Strategic and � � �� : �'' 3,�� 1, : �� '�. coordinated planning makes it possible to turn this threat into � ' ��1;��iis,�r,��N��;�ii��ili�'�� 'j��p��'� an opportunity for new development with multiple co-benefits �P� �S � : , including affordability,climate resilience,social connectedness, !�� and minimal environmental impacts to preserve ecosystem services. Effect of Rising Temperatures on Natural Resources, , , especially Trees and Forests ii,,%�� ,�� Natural environments provide essential resources and services, ��%�///ll/��o/r� such as habitat�s�forp ativ�species,s�a�e for residents, �� i�1� "� ,; ambient coolin es eciall on hot da s,air filtration,water �� purification,water storage(flooding prevention),and carbon �j 1�j;,,/ ,�,,,, c,,,,, storage.Of particular concern are the effects of rising �'�� ` temperatures on trees and forests.About 50%of the Region's land cover is forest.' Rising temperatures lead to decreased plant,tree,and animal health,resulting in a loss of-in both amount and quality-the services that trees and forests provide. These negative consequences will have both gradual and As such,the Region will have to contend with decreased canopy sudden impacts on economic sectors such as agriculture and cover,increased erosion,flooding and runoff,heat,pollution in recreation,and residents'ability to enjoy the benefits trees and air and waters,and pests(such as bacteria,insects,and ticks) forests provide.Stakeholder interviews revealed that the Region that harm the species that are intrinsically associated with is known for outdoor recreation,and that the Bangor Central and Northern Maine. International Airport is the launch pointfor recreation in more northern parts of the state and continent.So,impacts to ecosystems in those areas will affect the Region,and vice 6 Maine Housing(2020�.Housing Facts and Affordability Index. �Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium.(2019�.NLCD Land Cover 2019 https://www.mainehousing.org/docs/default-source/policy-research/housing- CONUS Land Cover.https://www.mrlc.gov/viewer/ facts/2020/rental/bangorlmarenta12020.pdf?sfvrsn=3a26Se15_3 �.0/1.Executive Summary • : r / ' versa.Lastly,rising winter temperatures can lead to a loss of ,� ��u�iir�4��bG�li��irb f'�ui�� u�iull4�in��°.��:Q��Qli��irb�bll ��:��Qlillu��i��r�°��.J snow cover and snowpack,with negative impacts for those who are associated with winter recreational activities,such as cross- While the purpose of this assessment was to identify regional county skiing. vulnerabilities,engagement with regional stakeholders provided insight into a strong foundation upon which the Penobscot Co5t of Adaptation Comp�tin�with Oth�Y Climate Action Region can further build resilience. Community Needs Recent weather extremes are creating an existing level of Based on the key vulnerabilities described above,the awareness of changing weather patterns and climate trends Penobscot Climate Action Region's adaptation will include within the Region.Individuals,businesses,community organizations,and municipalities all discussed noticing changes Public and private infrastructure investments as well as such as more frequent heavy rainstorms and heatwaves,and a more frequent maintenance and replacement following shift from snow to more ice and were able to describe how damage or destruction left by an extreme weather event. these changes impacted lives and livelihoods in the region.The Enhanced government planning,policy review,and Region's infrastructure is very old,more than 100 years old in coordination to prepare for and plan more resilient many cases,and requires significant upgrades or replacement. communities and infrastructure,and enhance the capacity Personal experiences of recent weather extremes help to provide public safety,health,and other services to infrastructure owners understand what the impacts could be individuals vulnerable to weather extremes and damages; and how systems need to change and also create an and understanding and urgency within the Region's population that Engagement,education,training,and coordination from a change is necessary to protect lives and livelihoods. variety of regional stakeholders including businesses,non- Increasingly robust data and projections,from Maine's Climate profits,community-based organizations,and others to Council,the Office of the State Climatologist,and other sources prepare for personal and community resilience,among provide useful information and tools to support local and others. regional actions.These groups have also identified additional At the same time,the region is focused on needs to increase data and modeling priorities to develop in the coming years. public transportation,support a growing senior population, On an individual and collective level,planning and adaptation address issues of housing affordability and homelessness,and are already underway.For example,Northern Light Health, more. Bangor International Airport,the Bangor and Orono Land Trusts, Throughout regional stakeholder interviews,community and Eastern Maine Development Corporation arejust some of members expressed a concern that disaster response and the local stakeholders planning for resilience to extreme increased recovery costs from more frequent extreme weather weather.These efforts,coupled with regional conveners like would detract from the Region's capacity-in both time and BACTS,and local expertise from the University of Maine,the money-to achieve other priorities.A strategic and coordinated Penobscot Indian Nation,and many others with lived approach,that focuses on achieving multiple co-benefits,will be experience,create a foundation for building resilience in the critical for enhancing regional resilience. Penobscot Climate Action region. 9L'�./1.Executive Summary • : r / ' Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in i , � � � � � � , � � � Mainei0 were the primary sources of information though �,, , . �.'.�� o„� �� dd .i dd�'�� '� � � a � �d��,,,� additional local,state,national,and international sources were �� utilized to complement any gaps in available information.When sources were conflicting,the Maine sources were utilized. C�n„d�Q��Q�°'dIY,�.O��ll��. I�"��'.JG I�V�u�'��Il�u°.::� 2. Selection of Assets and Systems Climate Change Vulnerability is the propensity of a species, system or resource to be adversely impacted by climate change This assessment took a broad view of the Penobscot Climate and other stressors.8 Vulnerability is a combination of three Action Region's environmental,infrastructural,and factors: socioeconomic systems and their vulnerability to climate change.Each of these systems is detailed in Sections 4,5,and . I r��,.��;ui��;:the amount and rate of change that a system 6 of this report. experiences from the impacts of climate change; To efficiently screen for vulnerability across this multi- . ";<i .;i�Civi�C}r.the degree to which a system will likely be jurisdictional,multi-system project,emphasis was placed on affected by climate change;and utilizing publicly available,geospatial asset information,to . �"��I<,�,�tiv< < ��,cit}r.the ability to cope and persist under screen for climate hazard exposure.This included information changing conditions. on public roads and bridges,land cover types,schools,cellular This assessment utilized a hybrid quantitative and qualitative towers,demographic information,and more. Asset and system methodology that included the following steps: GIS data were obtained primarily from project communities,the Maine GeoLibrary,and US Department of Homeland Security 1. Id�ntifiCation of HazaYd5 Lik�ly to ImpaCt th� Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Agency.All GIS data was R��1011 imported to the interactive regional map and data viewer available at: .. . . . . . ...� Section 3 of this report"Climate Hazards"describes historical trends and future climate projections for changes in Some asset and system information does not lend itself to GIS temperature,precipitation,extreme weather events,and sea mapping or was not readily available in a digital format.Plans, level rise.Most commonly,climate change projections were reports,and regional key stakeholder interviews provided available at 2050(mid-century)and 2100(late century),though supplemental information.This information is not included in some data sources provided projections at different or the regional map but is included in the discussion in Sections 4, additional time horizons.To align with statewide efforts of the 5,and 6 and information sources are cited throughout the Maine Climate Council,Maine's Climate Future9 and the report. a IPCC.(2022�.Summary for Policymakers,p.5. 10 Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Summar Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine, yForPolicymakers.pdf http://climatecouncil.maine.gov/future/sites/maine.gov.future/files/inline- 9 The University of Maine.(2020&2021).Maine's Climate Future. files/GOPIF_STS_REPORT_092320.pdf https://cl i matecha nge.umai ne.edu/cl i mate-matters/ma i nes-cl i mate-futu re/ �/2.Methodology&Tools • : r / ' 3. Assessment of Exposure to Specific Hazards Some hazard exposures are assumed to be experienced Figure 2.1 describes which exposure variables were mapped consistently throughout the Region and,in those cases,all and the corresponding scoring.All scores are available in assets in the region are considered"exposed." For example,the Appendix A.Exposure can also be explored visually in the entire Region is assumed to be exposed to extreme regional map and data viewer available at: precipitation events and rising air temperature. In other cases, -- - - - - - ---� geospatial hazard data is available at sufficient resolution to identify differences in exposure among assets in the region. ure L• a r �n In iErt�s�sw�r��Ca��S�u�ccc �P�s�ceii��n�� Inenhfies asseEs tnat.�re Ir�tne�p¢rautin�rN exk,ent ot tnundation cn�t�e P�Jiaine co,�sT aRer sc�naiius of 1.2,'1.6,3.4,and 8.� �€eet�i�otenha7 sea leuel r5se,er stcrrn surge,an t��paf k.h�z Hlghest Astr�unornlcal Ttde. 5�ea Level'...,fll'cs�,l�St�oRrtu 5u...,r�� la'ine Geul�gic�l Surueg 9ea Le�vel R'isef5k�prir a�.irgz Scenz�rias�21718� YVlainc's 1'.liieate Cucnc'il has�ecumniended the foll�rmr'ing actlr�n t.�Sea I_e�.�el Rise �"Cpmmit 4o fM9�nnge'"�.1.:��of 5LR 6ry�2050;3.��6+/21C}i] �'"FrePare tc�h•i�rage��..:3.9.itaf SLF(hy ZpaQl�.&it.h�,�210q Fla��dllir� Inenfiflesayse€s'in khe 100 and 50�yea�fl��ci Pl�ino.FEYVIk cszs hlsturieal datatu pred'ic7.�urrent flr�od ris-k ancl��res n�t'include FEr�tA Na[ir�nal Floud Hazard La��er �,iy��{��o� '��. t'rans_ "inrfudr,Arelrrninar�Datn vvhere G/,�er�tive fEPoMtN H�iP✓iti mrere n�at n�uaifnhle Prc�}ec dga�7y 149are r�r(ormaton ot.: Thls-,�Is-o idenk�fiesrheas.et's Floa�Yazard,Z�ne,ifany.Z�ine definttions�.http.//eFnne��€ei7 a au��iutsaru{f9a�id-zc�n.��. hnP�,ff„vrti�or7�ma.j�au,/�ou�o imnrPs/natrwr�l,Rdmdf�rneord-7r�yer 6Jr6anH��klsllmvad 16issho�s-urhere€�ert�i.nareasofci+i sar�hJkerEhan�Ehea�aerageteiel�R��k.urefm�th�t�.y�ine€iEyasa�^a'ne+le.5ever'itb`'is The 1ru�sk�.fnr Fu4�lie Land E2�'l�i i��sure�on a aTale r.�f Y kp 5,e•��'ik�.h 1 6eine a r�lati��tely mild heat area(slightb,��4��av�t,he mean f�r k�.he ciTy�,and 5 6�ing a severe heat�re�{sYgn'iflcan{Iy a�vrn,�e�Ene roean�fi�r the cityj. Laioid C'm�rr�c 7y�p�e Prov'i�1es I�nd re,uer tf�e ot each asseE at�3�ineker res-alutimi.F111 cr�,rer t��ppe definitians r�n!a�f�runJ�at: IJ�filnall_�ndl'avzrData6ase(FJ1v) https://ev��nruv.mrlc.gavldataflegendsfnatianal-land-cr.�wer�dat�6a��e-�das�-legend-�an�i-desTripti¢�n 7he CD�/A7SGR yocYal�dulnerahYl2y Index tCDCtkrSDR'S�JI�uses 1511_5.[ensus variablest�r helc local ufWcials'ide��tlf�d cumnwnYtles thaC ma�f need supuArt l�efore,during,or�f�r dls.3ster,. 'Saeia��l U'ulrverami��.lity CDC Social.�.�ulnera6'il'ity InCex(20�G1) 5aeial vu6-��ralailiky is scar��fram�t�I.A sac'ial wulaera6il'ity tinre�f.5 is the I�5 average.Thrse sem9ng 0 t��.�9 are c�nsider��l t,o haue le�eufner�6111tu{'i.e.,mare resilien�F{�EFan�E�e lJG average.lha�se scai�ng aw�e+�se.5 are mm�e vulneralafe �Ehan t�e US averave.. �/2.Methodology&Tools • : r / ' 4. Assess Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity Exposure alone doesn't signify vulnerability;the degree to which the asset or system is adversely affected by the hazard (sensitivity)and whether it is able to cope with or bounce back (adaptive capacity)are important to understand.Sensitivity and adaptive capacity were informed by reports,such as the Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine(2020)and the Penobscot County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan(2021)as well as local expertise and -,. institutional knowledge provided through regional key �''' � stakeholder interviews.16 interviews and one workshop, �� `""'"" A involving more than 50 people,were conducted for this ' " ; ' ;<; assessment and included community residents,businesses, � r��,,,,r,,�� ,,,.,�, ,��r,r��,_., °" � � U,,.,,.., large landowners,public safety officials,infrastructure operators,municipal staff,and more.Interviewers presented preliminary climate projections and hazard exposures then sought to understand the most important assets(tangible or intangible)within an interviewees area of knowledge,Appendix �+:��,- C includes an example of an interview presentation and a � �`;„�„,� � summary of key takeaways from each interview. `;i%,��J'I i r, , 5. Screen for Vulnerability and Risk " To determine the top regional vulnerabilities and themes, �" �� „� �� ,,. ,. ,r exposure,sensitivity,and adaptive capacity were considered �'��' through the following lenses: Extent:Does the impact have a broad geographic or lengthy impact? Urgency:Is the impact already being felt or is the impact expected mid-century or sooner? Disproportionality:Is the impact greater on vulnerable populations? Existing Resilience:Is there existing resilience to withstand the impact? Community Priority:Have community members identified the system/asset/issue/impact a priority? �,�/2.Methodology&Tools • : r / ' �irb�V:��i��b��V:�li�� ^..�:Qli�.uii��.bll �'�"��bl�o ��'r If��.b�.�.b \�li��.r��r.Jir Sections 4,5,and 6 discuss environmental,infrastructural,and socioeconomic impacts and vulnerabilities throughoutthe region.To keep this report focused and succinct,these sections discuss the most notable impacts,assets,people,and issues. While this report identifies top vulnerabilities and themes,the publicly accessible map and data viewer(see Figure 2.2)is an important,complementary tool that allows regional stakeholders to explore a variety of systems,climate hazards, and complementary data,such as social vulnerability or land resilience.It is the intent that this tool will allow a more granular exploration of the identified themes and also support future planning and assessments.The summaries of impacts and vulnerabilities throughout Sections 4,5,and 6 include suggested map layers to further explore the topics being discussed. The regional map and data viewer can be accessed at: A video tutorial on using the key features of the map is available at: Appendix B includes an index of all data layers available in the regional map. �.5/2.Methodology&Tools „i � ,,,,, ,,,,,,, ,,,, � /,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .. /i / / / / / �/ / /, / / r �� r / / , , , �� / ..... / �� . � �� / %/ ..... , � ... , � ..�//� .�.,%�� / .�� / / � � �� ... � ...... � �., �� ., �� ... �.,,i� � � � � �� .....� . � � ,,, . �� ...... .� .. i /// � / / / � � i i i � i / / .i .i / ., r / r , .. ./.. //� /ia��, �., / / .... . . /� / // , i�/, / / / / , . . ./ / . , i .� / � . / T /� .. . . / , I .. . . /� /. // / � . ./ i, .///, , / � .. /// . / ., i . ., /, , . . � .. , ./..� „ , , , l /„ ,. .� / � � � / ... . , .� .. , �//,/ � , �,�,... . � . / . � � , . , . ./ i � . , � . .. , . /. � / / / / � ///..... � . r � �.... . / / / � / /, / / / � ,,/ / ... / i ,,.,�i �� , � / / � � � , , / i � r � ,�j, � � � , , � ,�� , / / i , , / , � i , / / , � , � , , / ,�� ,,, , ,,,,,,, „ 0/////%///// /, / t i ,�� , / t „ , ,� /////// % ,, , , , , / / � , // // // ,� / ,� / / / . � / / / , �. , / / / // / � , % /////// // / / , , , , , //, // // // , , „ „ , , ,,,/% / / / � � ,, ,, , / / // / ,,, � „/// / ./ / ,,,,,,,, ,� „ ,,,�'/ ,,,,,, / / /// // , , ,,, // // ./ , �, , ,, , , , ,, , // �, ,//// / , / , �, , , , ,, ///.///// ///� /,/ % %// f . �, , , , , , , /////// ////// ///. , ////, /, � / ff , � . ,, ,, , , , , / /// //// ./ %///////%/%/////%/////// � , , ,,,,,, , , , , ,� . , , ,.%////////// %//////�� //////////// ////// , � , i . ,, ,,�,,,,,%, , , ,,, ,,�.. ,,,; ,.......�%/./// // ��/////,////////%/%%/////,,//////� �i .� �� , , , ,,% �, / / // �///// / /// //////i �i, ��'i. , , „ �,� � � ,,, ./,,,/ , , ./ % � % ,� ,� �, , � ��,� , > > �, �i 1,�,,. ,�,,, � ��I ��1� �� f, 1 l�1 f�f l� �� r� :,�� , � <<�;�� ,% , „ %� � �, , < � � , , , j� � % , � � „ , , ,, , , �� v � , ��, �� '� , � � � � � �� /��' � , � / �% , � /%�� ,� , 1% //9 i��/i '^�.��'Ii �� jJ �r : / �� '�%i /�%/% i '�li �l �ii � f %�✓i � /r/ �/y�„r � � . � � � l�� /?�/p i �1� �,��pl( r %/n '�� ) � '� ��' i �i % � rf /�w/ % i%� / �YIY'. �9 � � i //i%i � r� �' � � / � i �1��/�+��v�e � �"t� Z 1� ��,,�� r�ar ��,, � i � �. ��i, � , � ,, �,,,,i ,I � �� 'C� ��i� nifM,' � d r � � �� (I i%/��f�`� V y �;�j I f„�„��//J✓/ „ u '�� . ' � ' iri/� � �"�� /� . �. � , � u � � ` r;' � �' ,i' %�'� �%� � llsers can open data�tables�� ,thatfiocus on a � � t,. � � � � ,� , �` � �� o �� p� � speeific asset type and explore asset infiormation 1 � a o ` �; t � � �I �� ineluding filood and heat seores in table fiormat. �,/ � � 1�1� � I G �� l, �V� �� i �� A�� 1'j , � � ` � � ,,,��.� a� ,a�i�,� � J�i�j/�i” �� ' rr a�'�� ;�. ,�i i �;,� i �%, r �,,,r,J�i , e., . �� %� �� ` j �� Users can turn�n and o#F Map lay�rs� �% �� 3��- � �� , � 1'� � ' ' - to view different datesets. �� ,' / r q�t' ` �, � ,.., The visible icon�shows which layers are � �" � ,� , turned on.Those with a line throughthern � ' � �t�r, ' ,� y,, �� i ��, u ��1� ��I �are turned o#f � O'� ��' ! , , , ' � r� , � r U ��a��' �11 �� , ' � '�/' �i ; The legend��a��describes all icons and �� ' 4 � � � r,1�r� �, i�' I shedingnzcessarytomterpretthe��rnap. �� ra�� ,��l��l � � � � , ,'r� , � ��,l y��';f�� f f ��,, �y� 1,,, � :c �ii � /� � &m 7� aXr� llf'/��"�i �/��, ;y % �� j ��%%i A � / ��rj / �f� /i% f" ar , � ( , „ / / `uVl �1 I ma,,,�� J�a � r,�,l°i ��rW�l � �� r °��T✓ , �, / i �, �� '�U��9i;%G%,�, ��ii j� i r`'i� � ,`'N„ � . /, i , • •�• •• i��iioi iiiii I i . � w � „�,� r,,,/ . , � ,,,f „/,,, , J� f/,,,f I „! „% � ., , .� u ��„� II��N��"�iX�'&�: I�Q�� I � ��i�� '"�11�UJI II�� II II II 0 0 i.6�:'��mJ �u� �.�If�f.'�IP�II ff�U m��i�� i��m�N6 I�I� I�I�III(I � Over the last century,Maine's average annual temperature has �p�p�..;��v��?q;�,��r��,�;�j risen by 3.2°F and precipitation events of 4 inches or more � " " � " occur three times as often.In 2020 and 2021,Maine recorded no less than nine records related to drought and heat. ,�i°��'�`�� Supporting healthy communities and ecosystems and u� strengthening our infrastructure and economy requires that we �� anticipate and plan for these continued changes.While there is a high-level of confidence that changes in temperature,as well as more frequent extreme weather events and anomalies,will ��'��'' ➢ii, continue throughoutthis century and beyond,11 there is more ``y„ uncertainty about the specific projections due to the y complexities of climate modeling and the amount of ��I greenhouse gas humans will emit in the future. ��!��'�u' �� W, Given this uncertainty,this report provides projections for both �i�, ` low and high-emission future climate scenarios to identify the range of likely future conditions.When thinking about how best i�9m�� . to act upon this uncertainty,the Penobscot Climate Action � f��m�m� �� Vu�ll Region can consider the approach atthe state level where ��(r�q�u��au�ri' Maine's Climate Council recommends committingto manage y� �p�u ' for a low-emission scenario(higher probability/lower risk I�Ip , scenario)butalso preparingto manageforthe high-emission � �' "" • � scenario(lower probability/higher risk scenario).12 �" Figure 3.t:R�cent Cllinate Re�e�rds fa�r I�alroe "The University of Maine.(2020).Maine's Climate Future,p.22 '�Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.11 g7/3.Climate Hazards • : r / ' If.��.J u o o I�o�r ir�:��.u�i ir��.J Gradually Rising Temperatures and Extreme Heat Maine's air temperature is warming,and the rate of warming has accelerated in the last few decades.Annual average(figure 3.2 in red)has increased byabout3.3°F(1.8°C)since 1895.13 Continued warming is projected through the remainder of the century including an increase in more high heat days.By 2050, the Bangor area is projected to have more than 10 days per year with a heat index greater than 95°F compared to 3 days at ,y;,�,;� the beginningofthis century.�"I st�I��;f��ai��iai,�/lf;�b,;�,),I'f' ,��,i�a�,i�l�r�i�!r�C's�f,�t,r,iiri�as,airai�t,txrrYi'.ii�i��, r�i.��.�t,ii��,.. ��tti.�„°iifal 'ik°��'a i��;l,�i�r�alalt:i��r,l,��i ir,r1��u,v��,�'PI�:�I,�,i ,r�;c�r raiil�lr'�;ri'�I,��i��l�air,a,., �1SiC„�'I ��i (;i��e.al<�i ��r�tc9"1.�1.rl:�y�,I�,:,�vi ,i��;�r�illi ltsii7la�!;i rliii��;�,� l.f2u"', I r�i r i��tl��i �I ir�i„n r,"r./I�). ' ��,� People will experience even higher temperatures in heat � islands,developed areas where buildings,roads,and other '"� infrastructure absorb and re-emit heat more than naturalized �, landscapes like forests.Downtown Bangor and Brewer,as well as part of Hampden,MIIfOYd,�YOIlO,and Old Town are identified Current average annual remperature and increasn in average annuai YemperaYure since 1895,calmiated hom the NOAA U.S.CIImaCe Olvlslonal as heat islands. oa�ana��v�nar.i�i,nc�. Flgure 3.2-Aver�e/lnnual Temper�ture fn , fn 5, y cn e oe "Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.S 15 Climate Toolbox.(n.d.)Future Climate Dashboard.Retrieved October 20,2022, 14 The University of Maine.(2020).Maine's Climate Future,p.25 from https://climatetoolbox.org/tool/Future-Climate-Dashboard �.8/3.Climate Hazards • : r / ' Seasonal Shifts in Temperature %��%'�i// � WinteristhefastestwarmingseasoninMaine. By2090, ,�Nadm�hd�n,an N °°°°°°° °°°°°°°°° � is ` I f ' / r Penobscot County s average winter high temperature is a�rc!h��st�u�ayae�rr��aF,�m��rro��o��rowuu7rcH��a�m�,tl��roi��a�a�� i�� y o �qud��u.N��ugi:�ul.�mn^�IlaaswrvmirYn� , projected to be 31-35 F compared to 24.7°F historically m�`�'�i , 'ar , �w a� ,m uu� (1961-1990)and winter average lows are expected to rise to ��U a �� u�« �� ui�im�dP�oullfmoiiimior��ll�Oilumimiu Wuoi�i i iiG 14.2-18°Fcomparedto3.7°Fhistorically.17 �lu�a�mm��c��w��,� ��nrm�l��u �Nn��u �rsroa�� '��`'�i�; ��ro��i�"�Jc/�%�%�'�A��" Lookingahead,asthe region becomes more likelyto �^ � �w�u� '��^a5�� rd 11�1�m��r�aa�n experience winter days above freezing,it may experience more � ��%�/��„��,, �i��/��j�J��"�� winter precipitation as rain or mixed precipitation.I'th.aii�r:'.a �'� � '�� G`Ilrrt�i�=1"i��'�i,u�, r,f�,.�rt,ilh.�t,.r �Nii��=i �N�,.��W��;i"��vl�il�l�t'�t,�� N��IC,W� G�.��,�� ,� � �,r��-,��,. i��l'�'�°it�i�r��,w;�lirei��'i trf rir,�if�i�;alr�lt„I�rl�il'I;�IY'r�iir lir,ce.r.lr1r,l�r llrT�,�a=naii�ra o e..eA.ae o e.e...e e...e.e.. e.e...e, e...e.e..� e,e...e.e...e.e... �oe�en„iilif�i�ito�h�r,.ai ri,.tv o��<.tir�!i�,;alr7 ii� lli�,�.fa�„I�,lr�t,r.�f�vli il��i s�an�.i F1gu�6�.H—CFl�llges 111 WI11ter 111dlC�tors r:ul�f f�i .an.a�a ii�ll�ra,.,l�i��iiir,��i�r�fs„�kll vdli�Pn I�e k�r,��ai�o�,lill��ir f:h�i¢�P „ 1 r4ok',^. s _ ._ . . . Flgur�3.4-ProJected H�at Indlces for Bangor,Ii�E Historical Projected Average Days Heat Inaex � � � >gQ °F 5 12-14 2131 27-54 >_100 °F 0 1 3-7 5-21 >_105 °F o 0 13 2-11 's The University of Maine.(2020).Maine's Climate Future,p.12 'a The University of Maine.(2020).Maine's Climate Future,p.9 "U.S.Federal Government.(2021�.U.S.Climate ResilienceToolkit Climate Explorec Retrieved September 27,2022 https://crt-climate-explorecnemac.org/ g9/3.Climate Hazards Cascading Effects of Rising Temperatures Less Ice.Winter ice thickness in lakes and streams has f�tlore Intense Storms.Warmer air holds more moisture. been decreasing.Ice thickness is important to the water Higher moisture content in storms may be contributingto cycle,biodiversity,agriculture,recreation,and tourism.23 a slower decay of storms over land and slower movement Winter ice thickness of the Piscataquis River,a major over land.When storms travel over land further and tributary of the Penobscot River,has decreased by over 9 slower,this increases their geographic impact and the inches since 1912(as measured around February 28 of amount of rain they can drop in a given region.19 each year).24 Similarly,ice-out is occurring on Maine lakes Variability in Snowfall and Earlier Snowmelt.Warming 1-2 Weeks earlier on average compared to around 1960.25 temperatures have led to more days of rain rather than snow,although there is much regional variability.Northern e a nz �k «ezp� x u r ,��:�xr.�m��,� Maine has had some of the snowiest months on record in m a,. .i�erxrEgi L�r�mo.�ia,��,�eew�� n wo�ea�,.r��a texnM'.,b��domasmallsmbvetr,+fUA.' [dt�enalyez� thepastfewyearsasaresultofwarmerairproviding � �� e��ti��n�z e �nd�ea � rx�ie� ��o�a��i�aa�o� � ��ot sµpea�m b a ge.ogiaphic F ttein m ttro di iges foi this se[of la&es, increased moisture for precipitation in the form of snow.20 wh;�huk�Y.��e��,�,�an�ea„m��ri„��i��ma+��a��o��,a md,�,a��i�.,r�� os<,m Longer Growing Season.As a result of warming,the N�mee,o,d,y� N�,„eP,ad,„ ��na, o��na, �e o �e growing season-which spans the period between the last �^_��a°=�=m= •�f�eaedfP� ^^^P�>k=�°me =^��eaea��e, 1 W��IhleyPantl ]4k i6 8V' Pond 6.8 frost and first frost-has increased by 16 days since +� +�' , ��,„,,,,e ,,., „ ,a�a�a,� a, 1950.21 The growing season is expected to further ' � °°^° „' ,a �"""'"" a' Qb � � a s�n �sv��m . iv vn�iro:�aw e.o increase by 2-3 days per decade.22 ea�o�,k� o-0�m<�a�ke � �r �u 6 �,ee,�akr ,za � Me,:n�-0�k�e�ak� >.a VVarmingVUat�rbodies.Much like Maine's air � � � comsve.a�.,r„a ns we�te��seu�ke temperatures,the water temperatures of rivers,streams � ,� a "" "`` „° " ' ""° ', � �e� t� a� ,a and lakes have been increasingoverthe lastseveral °� �, a� ,o n o��a�a�� ,as �� ft+ � �k� e., � sm , o,�aw� :s �n p �k �., , ,oa decades.Maine lake surface temperatures have warmed � ��' „ �„��„�,� ,a, „ w,��„�, s.s on average by nearly 5.5°F(3°C)since the 1980s-with � � „ "'P5°��^a�°ke 94 'a s�°°°'°"° �' � ... 14 E�nbdenPonA 9:1 9 Nezarlake . smaller lakes warming more rapidly than larger lakes. ,� �o«„ g Po,a 9.� =��ono,�� Gntls�,LL5Geo�logdcalSprvmyU�oYgWnsaid�lam��rS[�ill anEtM1aWkabStawaiNeof4Aalneea�i G.ImouttlatesfiomNmtlurenuolMrYsantl 31 EupleLnke 1.0 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ F' YYe�e�� YY" ' oY■ Y'YYe n 19 Global Warming and Hurricanes:An Overview of Current Research Results. �'Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific (2022,July 12�.,-,: „ Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.40 20 The University of Maine.(2020).Maine's Climate Future,p.12� �'Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific �'The University of Maine.(2020).Maine's Climate Future,p.4 Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.40 ZZ Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific ZS Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.2SS Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.25 20/3.Climate Hazards • : r / ' �'�°ir��.J r�°li I�.�li�V:�P°��V:li��irb More Precipitation and More �o_ <<;�, �ea�eexPe,�enr��he��e� �1 � ��,�,�u i 9i �'�e� �•ry uu m on,�eren+rsof2,�elur4 rains. uncamm Extreme Preci itation � inches have m p �� s �� y� �y a�� „ - r�eq� y Warming is causing Maine to become � soo � � �� f'j�� p)��p o�l�� ` ,��j�p r _ wetter overall,with statewide annual '� �="'1�)'� � �� i� � �� i �� ,�� precipitation(rainfall and snowfall) �� aoo-I ,�,� � 9k�a.m �„ e„�,� y <omn.on increasing by 6 inches(15%)since 1895. " � '' v 3.sx mo,� Precipitation surpluses are mostly the � soo- r,c c�mmp� result of increased rainfall in the summer Hb�,ever,me3o��ea� Y (13 rnshasperryear)in zverage predpRatlon for 20U5-2tl74 y � 200-� '�� <om,paredtopreviouzdewdeswa.x and earl fall26 a i masaiYa�Qe4mm.e,x��na�e Y I z-i��,e�e�tr: As temperatures rise,more water ° / �- / � evaporates into the air;this moisture-laden s �oo_� � ��- � � � � � �� I� � b � � � � � � j � � � � � air can produce more mtense precipitation. � � � � � j j �I� � � � � �Ij�� Heavy precipitation in the northeastern Ij U.S.has increased at a higher rate than � i9oo �9io�i9zo�i9so igaa �i9so ��so ��e�o �9�0��g90�z000�zoio �� o.o, z� �� y�;�� a a� any other region in the U.S.27 euP��Y:i:e:v o.oi��n mw o.s inm ua i ia�n u�n z��rnes s ioKnes umai��ne: per2eot��r�a:�i� � * precipitatfanevenks Heavy storms of 2 to 4 inches of idtaldeadalpecphY'onundmea un�uulnumberofpeCphY'u eventsPo&a 'ngtonManecatl�ulated4romtla'IypeApCaClonuaWes1895-2U'IA.PeAp'iziio eenCsaredeflnedastluyswlYh precipitation are becoming more frequent measurable(>0�7 ) orwaterequNalentsnuw Carh6 represmtsal6ye an,cenceredontheyearspelfied�'.e 1900rrp�esemsdatafrom789i-7904)DatafrmmtheNOAAGlo6alliinorical in Maine,inereasingthe probabilityof o�maroiogvNetwo�kiiumnnc;iic��_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ floods that will erode infrastructure and degrade water quality in ponds,lakes,streams,rivers,and FI rA 3.�— 'Cg' Tr eoastal areas.28li�ri e�rir�l,�t i,o�f e;��aily I',i�r,��II�U�alif:+r�i e;��al�a li�e:+rr�7 � � I�e.�rii�iirr�,�ren,I�fl I�,r,aas�,.tir ii�,rtdartsr,ii>>l ia�;r��r,i�rll frr,r�,,i��i�r„�p�af r„�'Crf,i i�f,I�i rs�'„i lnlf,ilifir1 F,ur,i�il�a`slr1��,ll�(�(:1�v�ill�1.(��.1..,ri�t�i�('�, r,�l�iil�revu;o�Ariiii�,l'�r',r�pr,,.�i frr�l;a<.ti��,fil�rinY�i�,lnf,��lf';Ei.A;,fo�,irl.i.�r'y. Extremerainfallincreasestheriskoffloodingasitwilllikely result in greater runoff rather than an increase in soil moisture and groundwater recharge.However,much of the increase in precipitation has occurred in seasons outside of the primary flood season,when streamflow tends to be lower. �s Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific �' Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.9 Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.24 �a Maine Climate CounciL(2021).Maine Won't Wait,p.S ��./3.Climate Hazards • : r / ' Riverine and Surface Water Flooding flood insurance claims have been made from flood insurance holders within these lower risk areas 31 Annual floods have increased in volume in Maine's rivers and streams during the last century with increases in precipitation. Detailed flood models and inundation maps for areas of Decreases in winter snowpack,and seasonality of increased recurring riverine flooding are not available in most parts of precipitation create uncertainty around future flooding and even Maine;however,the Maine Climate Council's Scientific and suggest a potential decline in larger,less frequent floods,such Technical Subcommittee has identified their development as as the 100-year(1%annual chance)flood.29 However, priority need for the State. increases in intense,short-duration precipitation events create First Street Foundation,a non-profit research and technology risk for more surface flooding or flash flooding events, group,has modeled future flood risk and projections of the cost especially in developed areas where infrastructure is not of annual flood damage for residential properties nationwide. designed for these events or on dry soil which absorbs less First Street analyzed expected average annual loss for water. residential properties due to flooding in the years 2021 and 2051. fl�i ,��tef'�il�,;it�r,iE�,i�i r7�i.ariir;ll�,:�i�hii��:,a Ipi Iri�xiri�;°=nahfl� irir� �� I r�;rai�m�i�o.alirrir��lE,rt iiir,r�;�.��,�,iii i��ora�lru,i�iliral��zrr�rrr,rl°�Ira�,�vr+;r�d FEMAFIoodlnsuranceRateMaps(FIRM)arethecurrent Ir,r�,.iiE'mrliiiil�+;4�'fii��P�:��;�21:t�lir�rai�'�s/oflirnil +;f;i��ri(4)Irt"fr,a=aapi: standardforcomparisonoffloodriskamongproperties.They i`r.'l,-e.ii�t,i+,�t��t�, 13if,✓�+;r.�`7.t ,, la2�r'ip,�i �.��;f,).�' designate flood hazard zones based on projected inundation from the 100-year(1%annual chance)and 500-year(0.2% annual chance)flooding events as predictors of current flood risks and do not incorporate future climatological changes. However,one assessment commissioned by FEMA reported that,in riverine environments,by the year 2100,the relative increase in the median estimates of the 1%annual chance floodplain depth and area is projected to average about 45% across the nation,though regional variability is expected.3o FIRMs also identify areas that are deemed moderate or low flood risk(Zones X,B,and C).While properties in these zones are not required to obtain flood insurance,historically,20%of 29 Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific ,,,, , „ ,,,, ,,,, ,,,, Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.3S 'o Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration and Federal Emergency '�First Street Foundation.(2021).The cost of Climate Change:America's Growing Management Agency.(2013,June�.The Impact of Climate Change and Population Flood Risk,p.56. Growth on the National Flood Insurance Program.Climate Change Report,p.6 , , , , , , ,,,, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,„ , , , , , ,,,, , , , , , ,., , , , , , , ,,. "First Street Foundation.(2021).The cost of Climate Change:America's Growing „ , , , , Flood Risk,p.25. ��/3.Climate Hazards • : r / ' Drought ��' There has not been an observed increase in meteorological drought occurrence across Maine over the past century and " . ..-... ,;'' ' �. . . there is notable uncertainty around whether there will be more drought in Maine's future;33 however, Maine's States at Risk � II�III��IIIII�� report projects a 70%increase in the risk of widespread � 1'J')� �� g Y ff 1/// %%/, / , /�� drou nt b zoso 34 J��1111/�'1/1//1/�l��ii�/i�i//lf�i�l/llil��/ 'IJ1J1lJ�J1;1�/»l�%1i1�/1D1��%��///%9/,i��%/%////D�/i What is known is that future periods of decreased moisture iJJ��//%��%��%��j��/��j�� (including droughts)will be amplified by increased average � � � , � �� J�J)�1)��f�1��1Jfi�Df/%/�%�///�/////%��////��%/ temperatures since increased evaporation will dry surface soil Ifj�f�f 11J��/f/fi��%��%�%��%l��i/%�%%%// � , � � � � � � layers,particularly m the warm season 35 ��r f � /� j�� Jf�� // � �f�1��/��/�%�j �� One climate modeling study assessed the 1960s Northeastern Ill)fl9)f��lf/1��9�%�///////%��%%�%�%%/%�%�%%/� US drought,the most severe in the last century,under a future ��f fff��fff/��f��j��/��/j�� / �� ,�� high-emissionsscenario. Ilif, ,>irival�xiif�i�s;,, .tl.r� ,I•�c;srifa�,i<;,tir 11�1)1Jr'1J�%//////f�////////�//%%!�%f�////////////////%�%%%/� { �� . �,,1� ;, irir,r .�.„c,iii�;;nlif ii�f,,.s:,��f,l ii7;�i�l,hj s Irr„r.c�rirf ��f 11r,i eaii{4 rfiy ��ll//////f�//%��///%%j��%%////////%f�/%��%//////� ii,,,�c;�i�ll�.,I�r„ra�aiirf,�fiif;;r. ��W�illi ii�f,ir„x.aii�r;ly re�liuE lis:iiis,�ilif�i�r.a lif:airr i�fJi�� %%�//////%��f0��/�%��%/� I,l(�,71:lf�f�l q'f;';711,�Illf)I"Ui I;1��II Ir;NW�£=kl;4�l 117<,Yli£�kr.'r,l li�'lil.C)I'1<,Yllf,l Ir,(,"!7.��-' ll��J��1��/�� ' �.,,�� ....� ��.. :,�;� ��I�I��1�li1J�1/i/�/%�ii/i//%�i/or�i�a�i��i� ��»'„ ,,;;, l�%,/,/, .;, r,�!,,%;;� ��1�J1J�///,�///,%1/////�%%%/j// //// / ��f�i�i%//i�/%//ji/////////////////��%�/��f�� 1f111r11�111i1��lloi�i//i/aii�%/i�ff�/ii�%�%rif i��llll�l'lfioii�/��iri�r�%a/ii//iiari/io�iaii� �, ,, �, /,l � �� /�� i�'11�1��D�frrfl»�//�iarlllroDjiiJi�/DOoi,�/1/j�i/�i//" ill��»1��f1J��11�11��/�illilij�%aOr�i�ji��i ifl��1�1f1�1fii�,�i�%�i��i��iii��1i/��iii%ii� ��fr�11�/i�i/Ir.�i�i�i�aiii/iiii�i�i/��ii� ,r�,/�� i�/i//�ii�i/i�� y�»l�l1i1111/��%/iif��i��i/ 1��1��1�1��1�1�111111111111111��111111�1�� "The University of Maine.(2020�.Maine's Climate Future,p.11 's Xue,Z.,&Ullrich,P.(2021�.A Retrospective and Prospective Examination of the 'n States of Risk.(2016,October 27�.Maine's Drought Threat.Maine Drought. 1960s U.S.Northeast Drought.Eorth's Future,p.1. Retrieved October 20,2022,from https://statesatrisk.org/maine/drought https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020EF001930 's penobscot County Emergency Management Agency.(2021�.Penobscot County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section IV-Risk Assessment,p.11 �3/3.Climate Hazards • : r / ' ��J��1� 11��J�� j��// %///%%"'��'��'//'//�// '///////%/ W��,,, ��1 %%////////1/////////////// ff/,/,�/,///////0,/,/,/,/,/,////////D//D/,/,/„//,/,/,/,/, / !% f��,;��,,,,;;, ��i�� , ,,,,,,,,,,,,,��! .. , „i� ��i�///%/iiii�� /�� , ,,,,;�;,; ,,,,,��U%�%�/;�� "j�j/�%% //// ��;n� „��, � ,,, �c;�' ,, � iaiiiiii s„ ,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,��r, �,,,, /�%�� /�/%iO/,io///l� �.. , ,,, '��1J�y�l �� , ; f ; ��, ��,% , ; �f , ,,,,,,��,G, ,,, Wildfires Wildfires are historically rare in Maine 37 Accordingto the Maine Historically,wildfires in Penobscot County have been relatively Forest Service,more than 90%of wildfires in Maine are started small in size and have not spread over significant acreage. by human activity(burn piles,campfires,sparks from From 2011-2014,for example,258 forestfires occurred machinery,etc.).While numerous factors contribute to fire risk, county-wide but burned only 161.7 acres of forest.39 I'�'x¢'�;;.ag�l'f�'�P highertemperatures-whichsupportdroughtandlightning ll�to�ari�,:�ils,�ii�'f:J��ll�aliAr�'„v�ilfilii�m�au,�Aiir,irr;�'�;,�al1�r.�i�illtar1�>I��e�.dlt'� strikes-suggestoverallincreasedfirerisk.38Warmer li�ol.�e�l�lle'�ll��or"I�sl<�sv�ilfi'fli��sl�ir.��'�,i�ilf��,ir;1�,'ilif I<.tir,��,iuAiirl�esreaf temperatureswillalsomorequicklydryoutfuelsandincrease li,�ir�f;.�+ii� l�✓{a.tii�¢'Piiir,l,��tt'�,I,i��,irirl'fy'lfrl�rit��al<, tl�rrol,�ef' fire risk probabilities. I n r,li�}'i lii i�s,ii�i(r��^,1 riAr,l iAi'�,lr,.,i r„>lu�erl„f lr�v�ilt�'fi i 4�>�,�ari'7Y�<ai r,+!f%a iirf',ir,'(ii��I',i�r�ita'; l�xlr.,�a ��ari„i il��,I'�r,�f��i�li�al��I'fF„i,�e n��ah �,��Atall'f:� ai�ifl%a�irl)��i�i f�';rf'�I;,�i�i i a f,i,d;ar�oif,ilr��;�;f vdill� reilfl'flrr,:,.'� "Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific 39 Penobscot County Emergency Management Agency.(2021�.Penobscot County Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.304 Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section IV-Risk Assessment,p.36 'a Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific '°Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.237 Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,pp.237-235 ��/3.Climate Hazards u�a��:��r"�.��.J �r��.��u:�iN�� u ��.J��:��Q Severe Wind and Summer Storms Maine has experienced some significant windstorms in recent years,most notably in October 2017,October 2019,and November 2019:events which produced hurricane-strength winds(over 70 mph in some places during the 2017 storm)and left hundreds of thousands of Mainers without power. Historical records suggest that Penobscot County should expect severe thunderstorms every summer,some of which will include damaging wind gusts and hail. .; , ; . , , ` 'a"ttcron Ch:�i wr�eked b�n�ls ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :ulca�i};M ��euranB.cnlOe�d :. . . . .. or.s�e rtNiun ti�wndy' � .� : � ////�ii/�� //%�///�`* • %��ti� III U�� CMP.�.yv[ da.mag�cuould -I � ,lea� al�� .�s � wichouc.powec fo:rdays�m Since the 1950's,storm frequency and intensity have been w rn��a xn w ha�pvwq�pu , ., increasing across the Northern Hemisphere,with changes °°"'°`°;' '"°°"°"''"�"°"" , ,u��x ''� ,s observed mostly during the cold season.The trend is expected �, rv^�^°_ � �°,;,r,K;,�, to continue for most extreme weather events,including , „ �� '��` � s�,' nor'easters.Some events,such as ice storms and windstorms, � are more difficultto predict,but may also become more .. . . _ frequent and intense as a result of warming conditions.41 � �. .�„ . ,. , µ, , - "Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.12 25/3.Climate Hazards • : r / ' Severe Winter Storms � All of Penobscot County is subject to periodic winter storms which are known to damage roadways and utilities in particular: � `�" '�weai�wNivaarw areas north of Howland usually receive heavier snowfall during ��aw�mm+� winter storm events,while the southern zone is more likely to �� receive mixed precipitation includingfreezing rain and sleet. ,r G? i i/i� � Eachyear,thereisahighprobabilitythattheCountywill `� � ,�,�/��,��,! '�, � Y�� az ��r,f�1��i�/»> �; experience storms between November and April. p� � y /y' �� ,�, f�l��,�fy, �� Historicall , nor easters-coastal storms associated with !� r� �/ ^ Y '' ��//�//G/�� , extreme precipitation,strong winds,and flooding,that occur � �f%% ��i�� _,� �� n i��r��iy , � between September and April-have caused more harm and ou� u ` damage than any other type of extreme event in Maine."3 When � nor'easters move inland and are fueled by southeasterly winds, ��^ �� T� ° :�^,�� they can be referred to as southeasters."" �� ,`� �� Bangor is susceptible to storm surges resulting from � southeasters,which pile water up into the enclosed Penobscot Bay and up the Penobscot River.This was especially evidenced by the Groundhog Day Storm of February 2,1976,which led to significant flooding in areas of downtown Bangor.45 Tidal surge up the Penobscot River can be significant in comparison to other locations because of local geographic conditions. ,,,� a�� . �µ��- �� w °r� �,m�-^�r,..��..rre^ ^^�m�w�^.,�^^� '.' N�" Other types of storms have also caused significant harm and .,..'+� _ dama e in recent ears include ice storms.Ice storms in 1998, ° ^' g Y �u'V�R�^�`�Fw�m ,..� ,�t� ruw� �tl �w. .,�,"��" 2008,and 2013 caused significant damage in Maine.The �� "� �� , ' �� 1998 storm left over half of Mainers without power-some for ,�� „� I � " two to three weeks-and resulted in at least five fatalities from •• falling trees or ice,hypothermia,or carbon monoxide exposure „ wy r e (as well as more than 200 carbon monoxide poisonings). '�Penobscot County Emergency Management Agency.(2021�.Penobscot County https://www.boston.com/news/weather/2022/01/14/abitterly-cold-and-windy- Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section IV-Risk Assessment,p 32 weekend-is-ahead/ "Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific 's Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.34 Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.S4 '"Epstein,D.(2022,January 14�.A bitterly cold and windy weekend is ahead. Boston.com.Retrieved October 19,2022,from �6/3.Climate Hazards • : r / ' �,w��m��6 � �.�"��m�II �V'll��d��m� Penobscot River which is downstream of Bangor is influenced by ocean tides. Historical Trends Nuisance Flooding The Gulf of Maine is especially susceptible to changes in sea level because of changes in the strength of the Gulf Stream, Flooding resulting from high tides rather than precipitation or which carries warm water from the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of storms is known as"sunny day"flooding or"nuisance"flooding. Maine.In fact,from 2004 to 2016,the Gulf of Maine warmed Each 1-foot increase in sea level is predicted to lead to a 5-fold faster than 99%of the global ocean.Sea level has risen 0.07 increase in the frequency of"nuisance"flooding.A 1-foot in.per year in the past century,but the rate has increased to increase in sea level,which could occur by 2050,would cause a about 0.12 in.per year since 1990.46 100-year storm"flood level to have a probability of occurring once in every 10 years.Not accounting for changes in storm PYOj�Ct10115 intensity or frequency,this would result in a 10-fold increase in coastal flooding in Maine in the next 30 years.49 Under a high-emission scenario,Maine is projected to experience 2-3 feet of sea level rise by 2050 and 8-11 feet by ��P1��°a° B�oated Faetaee�Ieoaeeodat8oe�A�a daae to Sea 2100.Under a moderate-emission scenario,Maine experiences L�� at least 1 foot of sea level rise by 2050 and between 3.6 and ; 6.5 feet by 2100."' Given these scenarios,the Scientific and r / � � y ,f� Technical Subcommittee has advised the State's Climate vork 1,v�5 1,6aa a,oi1 �,097 8,�,27 so,aal Council to consider'bommitting to manage for 1.5 feet of �u�nl�e�i��ryd t,u2a i,�ai 3,75s 5,9i7 8,255 i�.&89 relative sea level rise by 2050,and 3.9 feet of sea level rise by �"-�"'-`{'�"` �4��----- 1 a�o �zatr ,.., a a7� a 425 t�,�7�. xe�w,c�ec _ �ia zaz _ �ii s�� _ i,i�s _ i,z�o the year 2100...[and]consider preparing to manage for 3.0 t;,ycawn 521 �sa z„1za 3,�ao3 �a,�17 6,Sos feet of relative sea level rise by 2050,and 8.8 feet of sea level xrrnx rs� l,o�a z,i�� ,F�� b,a�i s,z�� rise by the year 2100." Figure 3.7 estimates static inundation `^"�� z7 �� ...... �� `"�°� .. �� 1� of the existing land surface at higher sea and tide levels in each �`"'"`��'"pe a� s5 ia� ��1 �si �5n }G�nc.rarBc ....,1,517 ],O(�? 5,157 R,777 11,�i87 75,771 Maine county.For every foot of sea level rise,approximately ��;,��{7 �„�g� �p�� '�� ,�,��y y�'��4 �� 7,400 acres(11.6 square miles)of upland become tidal.48 �Mt��m�Toxa� 8pga i1,39a 28,69p ++4,715 63,i57 82,580 s,��:,�� .-Esrna�v^�n�d�eWern,�e,�rE�f ,��r�,ap�r�z��rxp��i��o- �r�e��,��.�e�„�,Rd� Tidal Surge °"`°`��'"�"' �°`" " .fhbl<141 71 s�cabl<sV�n .r.hearaxof�.nrre.vu�,p,lu�od(� �.nK)chaorry4�.�, a��neind� �d.d,�rn�;ch 1 gh��.xs.a,des Tidal surge upthe Penobscot Rivercan be relativelysignificant w=��=�v�� +�a!«v=� �a •��h�F�i,<ra �i,�w„�,��, �ena�„�,.r,�r r „��,�n��rr�c4o��cs per�qu:iee mtle.An��Pqs�x by H.C:mwncp,Nt43!�mr.9 easrsi icd ro dre aaearn�e acee. because of local geography,bathymetry,and tide-surge-river interaction in the Penobscot Bay estuary.The section of the 's Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific 'a Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.12 Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.91 "The University of Maine.(2020).Maine's Climate Future,p.29 '9 Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.12 �7/3.Climate Hazards • : r / ' �";��i��Qu4��r.Jir�PbG:u�.uirb ��f If�u��QII.�ir�ullo�ui�G:�li��ii��.b�.��.J �irool�o�b� V:��,�p storrr,. Mainers who live in rural areas,are working class,are Climate change is an inherently social issue.Extreme weather, Black,people of color,Indigenous,recent immigrants,or rising temperatures,and increased flooding will disrupt have a disability,are more likely to live in poverty or lack everyone's lives.However,the impact of climate change will not access to necessary resources.Mainers who have be felt by everyone the same way.Socially vulnerable groups- racialized identities,are Indigenous,or represent tribal particularly low-income communities,people of color(POC), populations typically experience unemployment and Indigenous people,people with disabilities,physically isolated poverty twice the rate of white Mainers.Additionally, communities,and the elderly-are less able to prepare for, 14.8%of Mainers live in poverty,including 1 in every 5 withstand,and recover from a climate related disaster. children;50%of black and African Americans;and one- It is important to note that socially vulnerable groups are not third of Maine's Native Americans.5o inherently victims of climate disaster.Systemic inequities shape vulnerability to climate change.Vulnerability is a result of Environmental disparities:Rural areas tend to have less historic and current patterns of systemic discrimination and access to food,education,quality infrastructure, marginalization that shape certain people's access to transportation,internet,and employment opportunities. opportunity,power,and resources.Further,just as systemic Lower municipal tax base and staff capacity in rural areas inequities shape vulnerability to climate change,climate change also pose challenges from an adaptation perspective.The impacts exacerbate social inequity.Equitable mitigation and vulnerability of people who already lack access to food, adaptation efforts reduce the vulnerability that people medicine,healthcare,and economic opportunities will be experience because of systematic social or economic heightened as the region deals with the impacts of climate marginalization.Climate vulnerabilities are impacted by: change.Additionally,people may struggle to evacuate in anticipation of a storm,and it will be even harder to Economic disparities:Low-income people and people access food,medicine,and other essential services if living in poverty are less able to prepare for,respond to,or transportation infrastructure is impacted by severe recover from extreme weather events.Residents with weather. limited disposable income are unable to spend money on Black and POC,Indigenous,low-income,and elderly,as mitigation efforts like flood insurance and building well as recent immigrants,are more likely to live in areas retrofits.In the event of a storm that causes power loss, that are more vulnerable,such as areas that are rural, people who can't afford hotels,generators,or additional socially or linguistically isolated,are proximate to coastal utility costs will be more impacted.Additionally,people or tidal flooding,have inadequate housing,are more facing financial barriers to recovery might also face racial dependent on natural resources,or are food deserts.Lack or socio-economic discrimination if they need to find of access to food,health care,and other essential alternative accommodations or relocate during or after a services leads to disproportionate impacts specifically so Walsh,P.,Gimlet,C.,&Berry,A.(2015).(rep.).Maine Insights Report.Brunswick,ME:Maine Initiatives. ��/3.Climate Hazards • : r / ' related to health,which then further exacerbates Native peoples:Lack of access to their ancestral vulnerability to climate change,as outlined below. homeland has a significant impact on vulnerability and resilience for Native tribes in the Penobscot Climate Action Health disparities:Older adults,young children,people Region.Lack of access to land means lack of ability to with chronic illnesses,and people with disabilities,are all practice cultural,religious,and land stewardship practices more vulnerable to extreme weather.Because of an that are essential to health and wellbeing(from a cultural underlying health issue,they may not be able to regulate identity standpoint,and from an environmental justice their body temperature as well during cases of extreme standpoint),food access(fishing and hunting),and ability heat or cold.People who don't have underlying conditions, to practice sustainable environmental stewardship that but work in outdoor industries,such as construction and will ultimately help all of us mitigate and adapt to impacts landscaping,also face disproportionate health risks due to of climate change. high heat.Low-income households and people on fixed- incomes are forced to make tradeoffs with health impacts: on high heat days,they are forced to choose between paying for cooling,food,or housing,and could therefore risk heat-related illness since cooling would likely be deemed less of a necessity than food or housing.People living with disabilities are more likely to have greater healthcare needs and costs and face more challenges getting around,which poses a greater barrier to evacuating and recovering from extreme weather or flooding events.Additionally,people with chronic illnesses, older adults,or others who depend on energy-powered medical devices will suffer medical issues in cases of power outages. �9/3.Climate Hazards i; i . iii��,i� i . ��: i fI i � I�, f , , fi � � � � Ii ;. i� fllili ; i�. , � d ....... ' �dY��b��i��ll��4�u��Q �.��ir�4�� .��V:��i��by��.�p Lakes,ponds,and rivers are an integral part of the Penobscot Climate Action Region's culture and are vital to the overall wellbeing of the people,economy, and environment.The major source of Maine's freshwater comes from the Penobscot River.Major tributaries of the Penobscot River include Kenduskeag Stream,Felts Brook,and Stillwater River,all of which flow directly through cities and towns within the region.The Penobscot River is tidally influenced by the Atlantic Ocean up through Bangor.Major lakes and ponds that are significant due to also being dams within the Region include SwetYs Pond Dam and Brewer Lake Dam.Although outside the Region,Floods Pond(in Otis)and Hatcase Pond(in Eddington)are the drinking water sources for the Bangor and Brewer Water Districts. Notable Impacts and Vulnerabilities Map It Increased surface watertemperatures reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen creating uninhabitable freshwater resource Environmental areas.This results in potential threats to biodiversity,recreation,and associated economic impacts. Features(multiple), Increased potential for toxic algae growth in lakes and ponds as water surface temperatures continue to rise. Urban Heat Island Fishermen may have to travel further to new fishing locations as aquatic species,particularly game fish shift their home Severity ranges to colder waters.51 Non-game fish and invasive species may begin to populate Maine's rivers,streams,and lakes. Vernal pools,cold-water holding pools,and spawning bed habitats may be reduced or disappear during periods of low Environmental rainfall posing a threat to game fish nursery grounds.52 Features Although not a problem in the Region historically,the risk of harmful algal blooms(HABs)increases with rising (multiple),FEMA temperatures and increased runoff from extreme precipitation events.HAB events sometimes require freshwater Floodplain layers, remediation.For example,restoration of East Pond in the Belgrade Lakes region cost over$1 million.53 and National Poor water quality affects lake shoreline real estate values.It is estimated that lakes generate an annual revenue of Inventory of Dams s'Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.50 s�Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.20S s'Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.10 �0/4.Environmental Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' approximately$4 billion statewide.54 Recreational activities around lakes and ponds affected with HABs can produce skin rashes,liver damage,and nervous system damage in humans and pets.55 Extreme precipitation events cause flooding upstream of dams and within low-lying areas and wetlands.When the Penobscot River floods,so do connected freshwater resources.5s Penobscot Indian Island is located in the Penobscot River;more frequent flooding will make tribal lands more difficult to access as well as impact plant and animal habitats. Runoff from tidal flooding within highly developed communities introduces contaminants into the Penobscot River.This will Environmental reduce the Penobscot River's overall water quality.57 Features (multiple),Maine Sea Level Rise Storm Surge Scenarios s'Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.10 ss Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.54 ss Regional Stakeholder Interview s'Regional Stakeholder Interview 3�./4.Environmental Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' �1��K,�'C'II�i:-6'li"YI u"�".iiu Conservation of wetlands is important because of the pivotal role wetlands play in flood ��III��JJ�IIi�� and heat mitigation.Further,wetlands act as a natural carbon and greenhouse gas sink. �� Wetlands are located throughout the Penobscot Climate Action Region,with higher concentrations of wetlands located within the less developed northeastern and �1��7W�THE PENJAlAVUOC MARSH northwestern regions.These regions are also where the Penobscot River significantly The Bangor Land Trust has identified the Penjajawoc branches out into major tributaries.The FEMA maps place much of the northeastern and Marsh,located to the northwest of the Bangor Mall,as northwestern parts of the region within the 100-year and 500-year floodplain.Many of the the most important area for the Trust to preserve wetlands in this area have been designated as conserved lands,meaning that no further because the marsh provides essential habitat for development can occur in these areas.All wetlands in Maine,whether designated as nesting birds and other animals.Currently,the land conserved lands or not,are protected under Maine's Natural Resources Protection Act north of Penjajawoc Marsh is vulnerable to further (NRPA),which aims for no net loss of wetland functions and values.58 If wetlands in the development,which would divide this important northeastern and northwestern region were to be removed,the area would experience natural environment and reduce its capacity to provide significantly more flood events.The southern part of the region is highly developed, vital ecosystem services.The Bangor Land Trust is specifically around the main stem of the Penobscot River,the wetlands in this area are trying to permanently protect the land around noticeably fewer and more spread out.Natural ecosystems,such as wetlands,that are Penjajawoc Marsh so the ecosystem can remain as a disconnected from each other are not as effective at flood mitigation or as habitats for connected system. amphibians and mammals.See Section 7:Additional Considerations,or the interactive regional map,for the region's overall land resilience and connectedness. Notable Impacts and Vulnerabilities Map It Isolated wetlands near highly developed infrastructure are at risk of experiencing higher than average surface water Urban Heat Island temperatures,as opposed to well-connected wetlands located within lower developed areas. Severity,Wetland Warming surface water temperatures in wetlands will influence cold-water aquatic species.Cold-water species will not be Characterization, able to tolerate increased surface water temperatures.59 and Land Wetlands support biodiversity.It is predicted that native animal species that rely on wetlands for nesting,breeding,and Cover/Resiliency hunting will have to relocate due to reduced wetlands.60 Datasets layers Rising temperatures increase evaporation rates.During periods of high temperatures,small,isolated wetlands can potentially disappear. 5e National Association of Wetland Managers.(n.d�.Maine State Wetland Program Summary,p.2.https://nawm.org/pdf_lib/state summaries/maine_state_wetland_program_summary_111615.pdf 59 Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.47 sa Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.192 3�/4.Environmental Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' Isolated wetlands present migration challenges to native species such as turtles,fish,invertebrates,and salamanders.s1 If the region experienced an extended drought,wetlands and swamps could dry out and release stored carbon and other Significant Vernal GHGs.62 Pools,Maine Increases in precipitation increase runoff into wetlands.This can contaminate wetlands with pollution and excess soil, Wetland which will reduce wetland surface area. Characterization, FEMA Floodplain layers Sea level rise will increase the likelihood of flooding alongthe Penobscot River.This could potentially introduce salt water Significant Vernal to nearby freshwater resources,which would negatively impact aquatic freshwater species within wetlands and vernal pools,Maine pools. Wetland Characterization, and Maine Sea Level Rise Storm Surge Scenarios s'Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.191 s�Town of York.(2022�.York Climate Action Plan,p.4S 33/4.Environmental Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' �"'ff�U II��Q��Q f:!�II�4� I�V"�mJ�'mJn.,p qp�l��I��,�� Forests provide crucial ecosystem services for the Penobscot Climate Action Region and are the �'� �� second largest global storage of carbon dioxide.Approximately 50%of the region is covered in �r4�ll�f�Il`a�llb�'Iflwm�ei��l��p�'V14� forest,primarily evergreen and mixed forest.s3 I�%11��01k�'��Q'PIL'�.��r9�Tlh�lllli�'. �JN�tli�JR��"V��IG��Gdq��UP6lIU11;,a�; There is a noticeable decline in tree canopy cover in Bangor,Brewer,and Old Town,especially ��IG��,ur I�qp��;a��l��'1�11��i;�. 1' ��'r� V� in areas close to the Penobscot River.Trees along rivers slow runoff from rain,reduce erosion, , �i �I �4�r l�r w��,�I� ��^�R��,`,�� `�, ^r^�` ��,�I� flooding,and pollution and serve as habitats. Stakeholder interview participants observed that �� ',�" �j'� � �rm °��mi � trees located within developed areas are often cut down because of the risk fallen trees pose to �i��K��1�� k��r��0��y�� infrastructure and private property during extreme weather events.s"This leads to further ��lru R Wui�m�� nt�� ' � �i,�!� ��'t '� �� habitat fragmentation and reduces the stormwater,cooling,and air quality benefits trees ��u�y�� %��"��°J �� ,�' ��'� provide.Well connected forests and natural habitats support resilient environments and e��'�'� ��U '�'��, �n��°�nu�P�� ; biodiversity.As urbanization continues to expand and encroach on forests,the county will U °��j �'e�� `��'� `� ��` experience further deforestation and fragmentation of once connected forests. IININ� UdXi� �V��'�7U�" � cl�Ir�Y�'d �� il!9 di �� ,� �� a � u �� , � � ,, ; ��P�� llllll»>��»� �n �r w��°�w��P�a�w� � � �� a�� , � :� NSIDERING DISPROPORTIONATE IMPACTS r� '��°b �� r � � �J � 1 Effects of the Emerald Ash Borer �� o�ifl��aPo�I��I�rl�Nlo 1, �,,, i ru uda �' ��° '�� U��J�� p p g g� Y a� ,,n��a� �a��u�,��<r«„ 14h11b��ll�ldu�ll�l�IN�1�+�dll?�!1 For Wabanaki eo le in the re ion,basket-makin is notonl r s,�u�fa�„w��ea �O�up,�i{��i�ll�l�f��111��u1V/I��u�ll�luUD1�l��a,�r, an important means of economic income,but also a aam¢aru rw�eormi+rcurm�m.aNa�a �IU1�J�11ff11�111�1�1PI�1�1�111UJ,11A��1191�D1�IJJ� '� ��"�°'" """ro"'"' si nificant cultural ractice that la s a role in maintainin Ilkd F�onr^��y^��^��4�`V �� native languages apd familial str�uct res.The Emerald Asg aiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiia i Borer's increased presence threatens brown ash trees,on Flgur�4y1-Forest Carbon aools which this basket-making practice relies. s'Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium.(2019�.NLCD Land Cover 2019 CONUS Land Cover.https://www.mrlc.gov/viewer/ s"Regional Stakeholder Interview 3�/4.Environmental Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' Notable Impacts and Vulnerabilities Map It Warmer temperatures in the winter months will result in less snow cover,which is important for growth of Sugar Maples. National Land This will result in stunted growth and increased vulnerability to pests like the Southern Pine Beetle.65 Cover Datasets Threats to important and iconic trees are expected to increase as invasive pests take advantage of a warming climate.For (NLCD),Canopy example,Southern Pine Beetle is projected to reach the pitch pine forests of southern Maine by 2050,and the red and jack Cover,and Urban pines of northern Maine by 2100.66 The southern pine beetle tunnels under tree bark,effectively killing the tree.s�The Head Island Town of Orono monitors for the presence of the Brown Tail Moth(BTM)and has been experiencing an outbreak of BTM Severity since 2015.Increased abundance of BTM is correlated to higher temperatures in the spring and late summer/early fall the previous year;the exact warming trend that is expected with climate change.68 Rising temperatures increase the presence of earth worms,invasive plants,and animal herbivory,which will lead to forest fragmentation and disease.69 Unhealthy forests typically result in land use changes,which can lead to further deforestation. Maple,spruce,and fir trees have begun to migrate due to warming temperatures. Pests such as the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid,Emerald Ash Borer,Spruce Budworm,and Butternut Canker are expected to damage or destroy native trees.70 As heat waves become more predominate duringsummer months cities and suburbs are less resilientto the urban heat island effect due to lack of tree shading.Very young children and older adults are most vulnerable to extreme te m pe ratu res. Extreme rain events will result in the decline of Sugar Maples,Red Maples,and Birch Trees. National Land Drought is a major stressor on forest ecosystems and will often lead to insect and disease outbreaks on stressed trees.71 Cover Datasets As a possible result of droughts and humidity,small wildfires(<100 acres)in rural areas are expected to be more (NLCD),Canopy challenging for firefighters to stop due to difficult accessibility.72 Disturbances such as flooding,ice storms,and wildfire can open forest canopies,expose mineral soil,and reduce tree ss The University of Maine.(2020).Maine's Climate Future,p.19 ss The University of Maine.(2020).Maine's Climate Future,p.30 s'University of Florida.(n.d.�.Southem Pine Beetle.Southem Pine beetle-dendroctonus Frontalis Zimmermann.Retrieved October 20,2022,From https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatu res/trees/southern_pi ne_beetle.htm#:�:text=Southern%20pi ne%206eetle%20females%20colonize,its%20death%20(Hai n%20et%20a1. 68 Town of Orono.(n.d.)Browntail Moth Monitoring.https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/f07064dd6a0545a39cfl2aafa06c32f5 69 The University of Maine.(2020�.Maine's Climate Future,p.19 '0 Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.215 "The University of Maine.(2020).Maine's Climate Future,p.19 '�Penobscot County Emergency Management Agency.(2021�.Penobscot County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section IV-Risk Assessment,p 10 35/4.Environmental Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' cover,providing greater opportunities for pest invasion.73 Cover,and FEMA Floodplain layers Sea level rise and tidal flooding are not expected to have significant impacts to forests in this region. "The University of Maine.(2020).Maine's Climate Future,p.30 36/4.Environmental Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' .., �a��UII��Q�.�IIVJf:!�'�II�.YII� .f:!�IIb4'�'.Q ��P.6V v�d� ��IYi611 �Q, f.!�IY�4 +��iJ��"II��i.b��:Ilff�Ulfb Large sections of Bradley, Milford,Old Town,and Orono,and smaller portions of the region's remaining communities are conserved lands meaning they are designated as wild and development and agricultural uses are restricted in the area.The majority of the conserved lands are located outside the cities and provide the region resiliency from flooding,heat,and extreme weather events.The conserved lands located in the northern region are large and moderately well-connected.Well-connected lands are important for animal migration.In contrast,south of Orono there are fewer areas that are designated as conserved lands.The conserved lands that do exist in the southern region are smaller and spread apartfrom one another.This is primarily due to larger communities,like in Bangor and Brewer,dominating the area with denser development.Small,segregated conserved lands do not provide as much resiliency and ecological benefits as large,well-connected lands.The conserved lands that do exist in the southern Penobscot Climate Action Region are primarily designated as parks and hiking trails.For example,the City of Bangor has 900 park acres and 39 miles of trail.A resident survey highlighted the City Forest as the most visited park.Green spaces provide visitors relief from rising temperatures due to tree shading and other unique features,such as outdoor pools/splashpads,which are among the top priorities for funding in the city because both assets support cooling amidst ��;��' � �a, � -�� ^_ r� ,, high temperatures.74 However,these kinds of assets can be challenged by overuse;heavy ". ` � � foottraffic on trails is a contributor to soil +��%� m� erosion,damaged vegetation,and altered ��i�/Gi;�' � � ' '" � � � � � � �� ii� � �.; l �.,.�,� Y gY g p g g, g, y �, Sea ol�nal eceationhencudantfishin huntin 1��r��%/ � ' boating and skiing,are a significant part of the � � ��`'"-�6 , �J/ �' � culture of Maine-they are what Maine is �� known for,what tourists come to Maine for, and what Mainers are proud of.Bangor International Airport is an important entry point for visitors coming to Central and Northern Maine for recreation.This is all at risk of being lost due to gradual changes that might impact ��"��r snow cover,fish habitats,and similar changes described in earlier sections,as well as extreme weather events that can damage natural and built recreational amenities. 74 City of Bangoc(2021�.Parks&Recreation Master Plan 37/4.Environmental Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' Notable Impacts and Vulnerabilities Map It In rivers,changes in stream flows and temperature will affect habitat and fishing opportunities for cold-water species Conserved Lands, like trout and salmon.It is possible that salmon and trout are likely to disappear from all but a few streams in the White gangor Trails,Bangor Mountains in western Maine.75 Open Space,and Delays in winter onset have lengthened the fall tourist season.This will increase visitors to conservation lands and Urban Heat Island parks,which will increase stress and disturbance in these areas.�s Severity Due to shortening winter months,snowmelt and lake-ice thaw will occur earlier.This will impact winter recreation tourism such as cross-country skiing,ice fishing,and snowshoeing.�� Rising temperatures may result in closure or cancellation of recreational activities due to the health risks posed by extreme heat days or outbreaks of vector-borne illness from longer tick and mosquito seasons. Impacts to biodiversity are expected as native cold-loving animals and plants are unable to tolerate warming weather. Reduced stream/river flows due to accelerated snowpack melts impacting paddling and fishing activities.78 Reduced snow amounts and more rain events will make winter recreational activities,such as ice fishing,become Conserved Lands, more dangerous."Winter whiplash"as described in the climate projections,can create variability in conditions that can gangor Trails,Bangor negatively impact recreational activities and economy. Open Space,and Heavy rain events will lead to hiking trails and park access road closures because trails and roads will become eroded FEMA Floodplain layers and washed out.79 During flash flood events runoff from nearby development runs into streams located within parks.The runoff contains contaminants that pollute the park's water resource 80 Sea level rise could increase occurrences of flooding in parks and recreational areas alongthe Penobscot Conserved Lands,Bangor Trails& River.Portions of the Penobscot River Walkway(Bangor)and Brewer Riverwalk are vulnerable to near-term Open Space,and Maine Sea sea level rise(1.2 ft.SLR)and the trails become fully exposed at 3.9 ft of SLR. Level Rise Storm Surge Scenarios 's The University of Maine.(2020).Maine's Climate Future,p.30 's The University of Maine.(2020).Maine's Climate Future,p.30 "Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.41 'e Regional Stakeholder Interview '9 Regional Stakeholder Interview ao Regional Stakeholder Interview 38/4.Environmental Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' C�,^.;yii°li�,,u.ai Ili.u.ai ii°K,.� The State of Maine's agricultural economy is the basis of over 1.2 billion dollars of food and fiber products annually and employs 22,000 workers.81 In 2017,the United State Agricultural Census reported that a total of 105,452 acres of cropland were harvested in Penobscot County,with$50,915,000 in commodity sales.82 Per the Penobscot County Hazard Mitigation Plan,approximately 23%of the land area of Penobscot County is agricultural or open space.83 While the Penobscot Climate Action region is more developed than the County as a whole,residents of the region may travel outside of the region for work in the agriculture sector,and they may also rely on nearby agricultural lands for food and other products. A visual analysis of the USA Cropland map layer shows that there is a substantial amount of land dedicated to crops in Orrington,Hampden,Brewer, Bangor,and Hermon,and less cropland in Bradley,Orono,Old Town,and Milford.Commonly grown crops in the region are Hay84(9251 acres),Corn(419 acres)and Blueberries(185 acres).Hay is the most common cropland designation for all 11 communities in the region,which may necessitate research on the part of growers and Extension specialists on how climate change will impact the growth of non-alfalfa hay crops,such as clover and oats. Additionally,stakeholder interviews revealed that pasture farming(livestock)is also present in the area.In fact,livestock accounts for approximately $33M in sales each year,while crop farming accounts for approximately$18M in sales each year.85 Additional important agricultural land in the region are small mixed vegetable farms that supply farmers markets,CSAs,and farm stands. Farms will experience different climate impacts based on their location and the varieties grown.For example,stakeholder interviews also revealed that farms adjacent to the river are vulnerable to flooding,while upland farms experience significant drought-"they're all in their own pockets...you can't paint with a broad brush."86 Nevertheless,drought has been identified as the number one climate hazard threatening Maine's agricultural economy,which could be as extreme as a$50M sales loss.Droughts resulting in less widespread loss of crops would result in smaller losses 87 Most abnormally dry conditions and droughtconditions impactthe agricultural areas north of Bangor.88 a'penobscot County Emergency Management Agency.(2021�.Penobscot County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section IV-Risk Assessment,p 45 a�Penobscot County Emergency Management Agency.(2021�.Penobscot County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section IV-Risk Assessment,p.SS a'penobscot County Emergency Management Agency.(2021�.Penobscot County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section IV-Risk Assessment,p.35 84 Identified in the National Land Cover Datasets Cropland layer as"Other Hay/Non-Alfalfa° as https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/Maine/cp23019.pdf as Stakeholder interviews a'Penobscot County Emergency Management Agency.(2021�.Penobscot County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section IV-Risk Assessment,p.SS aa penobscot County Emergency Management Agency.(2021�.Penobscot County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section IV-Risk Assessment,p.42 39/4.Environmental Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' Some of the vulnerabilities the agricultural sector will experience,beyond drought,include prolonged spring rains,extended springfrost risk,and summer water deficits;alternatively,some growers may benefit from longer growing seasons and new crop options as a result of the warmer temperatures.89 The map below demonstrates how warmer temperatures are shifting what are known as"plant hardiness zones"or 10-degree Fahrenheit zones that determine which crops will thrive in a given region based on the local climate.Finally,growers must contend with weather patterns that are less predictable as the climate shifts,and include more extremes in both temperature and precipitation,making planning significantly more challenging. � y, �,r�m, � ,,, �� ''��"; ll� �� ,� Gr�„��ntt� ! � �° ��1;; , � � � � J ' � , �� i �, �ifu��; ,, ; ' �e ��fY ` .,� ,z ,,,, � �� "° �� t �� , ` ��'�� ✓ �,�„�,,, � ral � ��" � �� r Z h��'��... r�r'��'�� .. .. � �� I�� rr �ral"� �U �1VI i �/��" � i 3, �Iff°�"�' J � �.�,,,9i�"�; Iv�.nr�d �,iY�ry�u� j i ��+��LL"�"VA�'� �„ /` ��'��.��.�� „ �� d�.��''��. ,(�a .;r��i.� ,�� Many of the growers in the region,not unlike the State at large,are older adults who prefer print communication to electronic communication,which makes dissemination of information related to weather more difficult.The large number of older adults in agriculture also raises concerns about food supply when they retire.According to the USDA,only 136 of the 1090 producers in Penobscot County are under 35.363 are over 65.90 Notable Impacts and Vulnerabilities Map It Winter minimum temperatures are increasingfaster than other daily highs,and winter minimums define plant hardiness Crop Layers,Urban zones.Growers will need to consider planting new crop varieties in response to the shifts. Heat Island More frequent and intense heat waves will require extreme caution on the part of growers and outdoor workers,especially Severity when the Heat Index exceeds 90 degrees. High temperatures negatively affect the health of livestock such as dairy cows. Drought is of high concern to farmers,according to stakeholder interviews.Water issues generally create irrigation issues. 89 The University of Maine.(2020).Maine's Climate Future,p.30 9°https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/Maine/cp23019.pdf �00/4.Environmental Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' Longer dry periods in recent years have corresponded with a need for more irrigation,especially for strawberry,potato, blueberry,mixed vegetable,hay,and pasture farmers.In fact,Extension recently hired an irrigation specialist. Water scarcity is the primary risk factor driving risk of crop failures.By 2050 the risk of yield failures for individual production areas(US,China, India)increases up to 25x,with a 50%chance of a failure peryear."91 Stakeholder interviews revealed that drought is more of a concern than floodingfor farmers. Crop Layers,FEMA Road infrastructure(more than rail and air)is essential for farmers in getting their products to the market in the region- Floodplain layers storms and flooding may damage roads and disrupt transportation routes. Power outages,which are common during storms,are especially challenging for dairy farmers. Road infrastructure(more than rail and air)is essential for farmers in getting their products to the market in the region- Crop Layers, SLR and tidal flooding may damage roads and disrupt transportation routes,depending on the farms'and roads'proximity Maine Sea Level to the Penobscot River. Rise Storm Surge Scenarios 9'Maine Climate Council.(2021�.Maine Won't Wait,p.16 ��./4.Environmental Impacts and Vulnerabilities J i ' i� f , i�� , � � i� fI i � I�, f , , fi � ,'� � Ii �, i� fl,ili i;. , ,��.��Q„o�,��:��:�b�� wy��p�.��ti��r�,�.� �� U�IIU�"°�,, � . � Key assets in the region s transportation system include: CONSIDERING DISPROPORTIONATE IMPACTS . Roads and bridges-I-95,I-395,Route 9,Route 178,Route 2,Stillwater Avenue,Veterans Remembrance Bridge,Joshua Unequal ImpeCts of TYenspoftetlon Dlsruptlons Chamberlain Bridge,Down St.Bridge,among many others Residents in the region already face transportation access challenges.IYs Public transportation-Community Connector Bus,Black Bear likely that low population numbers make it difficult to support a robust Orono Express Bus,and multiple transit providers for medical transit network.This has negative impacts on those who don't have cars or transport can't drive,as relying on public transportation significantly limits one's Air-Bangor International Airport,Dewitt Field(Old Town) options to access food,medicine,and economic opportunities. Rail-Rail yards in Bangor,Old Town,and Hermon;and the Approximately 7.1%of households in the Penobscot County do not own a PanAm freight main line that travels along the west bank of vehicle. the Penobscot from Bangor to Old Town then crosses to east Extreme weather events that block road systems or damage public transit of the riverjust south of Indian Island infrastructure heighten this vulnerability.Interruptions in road systems or Bike-East Coast Greenway travels through Orrington, public transportation routes can lead to increased instances of loss of Brewer,Bangor,and Hermon on road exceptfor paved trail income and employment,as well as makingfood and medicine even more sections along the Penobscot River in Bangor and Brewer inaccessible.Additionally,those who don't own cars are less able to evacuate before a storm,or access necessary supplies in the wake of an Driving is the primary mode of transportation in the region and detours from road closures and construction have major impacts on extreme weather event. commutes to school and work,response time for health and public If only 5%of bus stops are covered in the region,and 88%of proposed safety trips,and the economy. Regional stakeholders consistently Community Connector bus stops are within an identified heat island, emphasized the need for a resilient transportation system including individuals with underlying health conditions,young children,and older well maintained roads,culverts that are sized for heavy precipitation, adults will be disproportionately impacted,as they are more vulnerable to and more public transportation.Local infrastructure managers noted extreme heat,and are at heightened risk of heat related illness when revised design standards that account for future increases in waitingfor public transit at unsheltered bus stops. precipitation would help themjustify building beyond current For Indigenous folks in the region,an increase in extreme precipitation standards and code. events can block road systems that are normally used for opening tribal lands for management and harvesting activities,delaying important seasonal practices. �/5.Infrastructural Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' Notable Impacts and Vulnerabilities Map It Bangor International Airport is in a moderate heat island(3)and is already experiencing the effects of alkalized silica CDC Social Vulnerability reaction(ASR)which causes an expansion of concrete in high heat or rapid temperature changes92. Index and Public Roads, Rapid temperature fluctuations and extreme heat can decrease pavement life and increase bridge fatigue leading to Runways,Proposed Bus increased maintenance and replacement costs for roads and vehicles. Stops,and Community Bus passengers are vulnerable to high heat days.Bus routes are concentrated in developed areas of the region.88% Connector Bus Routes, of proposed Community Connector bus stops are within an identified heat island with more than a third of all bus Urban Heat Island stops in moderate to high(level 3-5)heat islands.5%of bus stops are sheltered. Severity Of the 721 miles of roads in the region,85 miles(-12%)intersect the 100-year floodplain and 74 miles(-10%) Public Roads,Bridges, intersect the 500-year floodplain.Impacted roads include areas of I-95 and I-395 throughoutthe region,areas of Culverts,Runways, downtown Bangor where the Kenduskeag River branches from the Penobscot River,and many of the region's rural Proposed Bus Stops,and roads,especially in the north and south of the region.Over 1/3 of the region's culverts are in fair to critical condition. Community Connector All areas along the Penobscot are also susceptible to spring ice jams which may cause the river to overflow its banks Bus Routes,and FEMA and may cause road closures,damaged bridges and stranded residents.Many of the rural area's road systems are Floodplain not built to appropriate roadway drainage standards and are subject to flooding during heavy rains.93 High wind events knock down trees and the(aging)mast arms of traffic signals,disrupting transportation and placing increased demands on the public safety and public works workforce.This is occurring presently and the impact is likelyto increasewith increasingstormfrequencyand intensity. Bus routes and stops have moderate exposure to flooding.5 Community Connector proposed bus stops are located in the 100-year FEMA floodplain and 8 additional are in the 500-year floodplain. More frequent and changing storm events cause transportation disruptions with numerous cascading effects that impact access to jobs,education,healthcare,and other services.Specifically, o Regional stakeholders noted relatively small local workforces have less ability to meet higher demand for clearing roads and storm drains before,during,and after severe weather. o Storms result in cancelled paratransit trips followed by an influx of trip requests when appointments are rescheduled;the transit workforce is challenged to meet these fluctuations in demand which impacts access to medical and other important services. o Throughout the region,but especially in rural areas,heavy precipitation events damage roads and culverts 92 Regional Stakeholder Interview 93 Penobscot County Emergency Management Agency.(2021�.Penobscot County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section IV-Risk Assessment,p.44 �/5.Infrastructural Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' resulting in lengthy detours.Regional stakeholders already report road and culvert washouts,and this trend is expected to increase. o Regional stakeholders noted a transition from snow to more frequent ice and freezing rain events affecting safety for vehicles,pedestrians,and at the airport. o For Indigenous folks in the region,an increase in extreme precipitation events can block road systems that are normally used for opening tribal lands for management and harvesting activities,delaying importantseasonal practices.94 Approximately 3.5 miles of road are projected to experience flooding from sea level rise by mid-century(1.6 ft of sea public Roads,Bridges, level rise);this increases to 6 miles of road by late century(8.8 ft of sea level rise).Multiple roads in areas of Culverts,Runways, downtown Bangor where the Kenduskeag River branches from the Penobscot River are vulnerable to near-term sea proposed Bus Stops,and level rise/storm surge flooding. Community Connector Of the 356 proposed Community Connector bus stops,only 9,all in Bangor,are exposed to end of century sea level Bus Routes,Maine Sea rise(8.8 ft.of sea level rise). Level Rise Storm Surge Scenarios 94 Michelle,N.,Ranco,D.,&Willis,T.(2017�.(rep.�.BIATribal Comprehensive Adaptation Planning. 95 Maine DOT is currently engaged in a statewide transportation vulnerability analysis and is developing an updated sea-level rise/storm surge flood model.It is recommended that the Penobscot Climate Action region incorporate this information when available. �/5.Infrastructural Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' �',Ifb�'m�ll°v)J �u`jJ�'Q��'mJIY"I�.O ��,�JJ��,JJJ�J,JJ�J��J��>>�»��»»»��»»»��»� Maine has the highest energy use and energy expenditure per capita �� in New England;the greatest expenditure is in petroleum products for ' CONSIDERING DISPRdPORTIONATE IMPACTS transportation and heating.Approximately 2/3's of Maine's households are reliant on fuel oil for home heating.96 This makes COst BUrden 811d EneYgyACCess Maine subjectto the volatility of oil and gas prices nationally and Low-income individuals,people of color,renters,people living in rural areas,and globally. the elderly,all experience high energy burdens.In Maine, "the median energy Versant Power is the primary electric provider in the region which burden of rural elderly households is 44%higher than that of non-elderly generates and distributes power through the Bangor Hydro District. households,[and]rural renters experience a median energy burden 29%higher Additionally,Bangor Natural Gas provides natural gas to 7 of the than that of owners."Those already struggling to pay their utilities are at higher region's 11 communities. risk of injury,illness or death in cases of extreme weather. In May 2022,Maine's governor signed into law An Act Regarding During periods of extreme heat,those without reliable air conditioning are at UtilityAccountabilityand Grid Planning for Maine's Clean Energy higher risk of heat related illness or death.In cases of extreme weather or heavy Future.The act requires utilities to submit every three years a 10-year storms,power outages can disrupt energy that provides heat in the winter,or outlook that indicates how they plan to respond to and mitigate electricity for critical medical devices,which can also have serious health climate change.97 In August 2022,Versant power announced that it implications.Power outages can disrupt transportation,which means those who was seeking an increase in distribution rates to fund several activities rely on hourly wages will lose income if they can't get to work.Additionally,small including work to improve reliability in Old Town/Orono and activities businesses will be impacted if customers can't reach the business itself. to reduce tree-related outages.98 Lastly,natural gas pipelines do not reach many rural communities in Maine. Natural gas pipelines are not the solution if we're trying to move away from using fossil fuels.However,as we build out renewable electric energy systems and move away from fossil fuels,it will be important to consider access and geographic equity.Increasing access to affordable,sustainable,and resilient heating systems is a critical piece of alleviating energy burdens and ensuring that those whose health is at risk during an outage are not in danger. 96 Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,pp.349-356 9'Runyon,J.(2022,August 2�.Maine PUC sets minimum service standards for utilities.Powergrid Intemational.https://www.power-grid.com/policy-regulation/maine-puc-sets-minimum-service- standards-for-uti I ities/ 98 Versant Powec(2022,August 4�.Versant Power will seek distribution rate change in summer'23.„ , ,,,, , , , , , ,,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , „, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,,, , , , , , „ �5/5.Infrastructural Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' Notable Impacts and Vulnerabilities Map It Regional power plants,substations,and transmission infrastructure are all in low to moderate heat islands(0-3);however, All energy layers high heateventswill befeltthroughoutthe region. and Urban Heat Risingtemperatures have multiple impacts on electrictransmission and distribution including99: Island Severity o lower generation efficiency, o decreased solar PV efficiency, o reduced carrying capacity,and increased losses in lines and transformers,and o increased demand for cooling Demand for electricity will increase throughout the region as cooling demand rises.Currently,56%of homes in the county have air conditioning.Stakeholders note that facilities that traditionally didn't need air conditioning,such as the region's schools and UMaine's dormitories,now need it.Stakeholders commented that some substations are already operating at capacity and now face this added load. 3 power plants(Brookfield Black Bear Hydro plants in Milford,Old Town,and Orono),1 substation(Stillwater B in Orono), All energy layers and 3 fuel terminals(Bangor,Brewer,and Hampden)are located in the 100-year floodplain.Many substations are in close and FEMA proximity to the current FEMA floodplain and could become exposed if the floodplain expands,as projected,with increases Floodplain layers in heavy precipitation. Transmission and distribution infrastructure are vulnerable to higher winds and more ice events.In rural parts of the region with high tree coverage,this risk is exacerbated as tree limbs knock out power lines. UMaine's Central Steam Plant is not in,but is adjacentto,the floodplain.The steam plant provides heatto the entire campus and is designed to run without electricity.The University is planning an addition to the steam plant that will allow vulnerable equipment to be moved to a higher elevation. Regional stakeholders note that severe storms result in multiple power outages per year and the trend seems to be increasing.They report backup power generation is not adequate throughout the region.Some cascading impacts of power outages were noted to include: o Reliance on private wells disrupts the drinking water supply.Community stakeholders noted they are not well prepared for mass distribution of water during extended outages. o Loss of internet which disrupts remote work and schooling as well as increases isolation for vulnerable populations who,due to poor cellular service,rely on internet for outside information and connection 99 One Climate Future.(2019�.Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment:Cities of Portland and South Portland,p.37 �6/5.Infrastructural Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' o Sensitive research equipment and frozen or refrigerated specimens at UMaine are highly sensitive to power outages and can result in economic impacts as well as lost scientific advancement. 1 electric substation(Stillwater B in Old Town)and 3 fuel terminals(Bangor,Brewer,and Hampden)are exposed to late All energy layers century sea level rise/storm surge flooding(8.8 ft.of SLR).This includes the Cold Brook Energy fuel terminal which supplies and Maine Sea jet fuel to the airport. Level Rise Storm 29 electrical transmission line segments were evaluated.Of those,7 segments(24%)are exposed to mid-century sea level Surge Scenarios rise/storm surge flooding under a low emissions scenario(1.2 ft.of SLR)creating vulnerabilities for damaged towers due to erosion and other flood damage to low-lying infrastructure.1oo ioa Qne Climate Future.(2019�.Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment:Cities of Portland and South Portland,p.37 �7/5.Infrastructural Impacts and Vulnerabilities �1��f:!�'��II f.'�If b Q'� �1��i 6�'Q'�:'��:�V�V�i.6�.�iJ IP �u yJ�Q�.�'mJ IY"0.0�"Q Water treatment systems and wastewater treatment systems are critical for safe consumption of clean water and safe transport and treatment of contaminated wastewater.Per the Penobscot County Hazard Mitigation Report,water treatment facilities and wastewater treatment plants are considered critical facilities."�o� More than 50%of Mainers rely on a private well for their drinking water.102 Public water is supplied to the region through four water districts: The Ban�or VWater District serves Bangor,Hampden,Hermon,and parts of Veazie,as well as communities outside the Penobscot Climate Action Region.The main source is Flood's Pond in Otis.The water district owns 99%of the land in the watershed.Boating and swimming are prohibited and there is no industry or agriculture in the watershed,which mitigates the risk of invasive species and runoff from fertilizers and other contaminants that might otherwise be of concern with rising temperatures and increased precipitation and flooding.1o3 The Orono/Veazie VV�later District serves a population of 8,125.Water is treated at a facility at 116 Bennoch Road and is sourced from four drilled wells north of the treatment plant.1o4 The Old Town VVat�r District serves Old Town,Milford,Bradley,parts of Orono,and the Penobscot Indian Nation on Indian Island.Water comes from five gravel packed wells:three on Spring Street and two on Bennoch Road.All the districYs water is treated at the Spring Streetfilter plant.1o5 The Brewer 4Yater Department provides water to Brewer,parts of Orrington,and communities outside the Penobscot Climate Action Region.Water is sourced from Hatcase Pond and is treated at Hayes Treatment Plant;the water source is protected by limiting nearby activity through land purchases. Seven of the region's eleven communities(Bangor,Brewer,Hampden,Milford,Old Town,Orono,and Veazie)have Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4)permits which requires them to implement minimum control measures to reduce pollution from stormwater runoff.In stakeholder interviews, communities noted that underground stormwater infrastructure,in general,is aging and at capacity.Hampden notes aging stormwater infrastructure is a challenge to economic development as inadequate infrastructure deters businesses from establishing operations in the town.In other parts of the region, drainage ditches and other forms of above ground stormwater management are employed.Bangor International Airport is working to mitigate storm runoff 'o'penobscot County Emergency Management Agency.(2021�.Penobscot County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section IV-Risk Assessment,p.43 ioz Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.303 'o'Frequently asked questions:Bangor water:Bangor,me.Bangor Water.(2021,September 21�.Retrieved October 20,2022,from https://www.bangorwater.org/faq/ ion 2016 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report.Orono-Veazie Water District.(2016�.Retrieved October 20,2022,from https://ovwd.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/9/1/50914273/2016_ccr_report.pdf ios Old Town Water DistricYs Annual Drinking Water Quality Report for 2021.Old Town Water.(2021�.Retrieved October 20,2022,from https://ovwd.weebly.com/u ploads/5/0/9/1/50914273/2016_ccr_report.pdf �$/5.Infrastructural Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' using a bio-retention system around the airport.The City of Bangor has plans to add an 8.6-million-gallon storage tank for sewage control during heavy precipitation events.1o6 Notable Impacts and Vulnerabilities Map It As discussed in the "Waterbodies and Waterways"section;risingtemperatures can negatively affectwater quality. Water System High heat days cause chlorine in water distribution systems to decay and can contribute to the release of pathogens. Layers,and Urban Future increases in temperature will pose an economic and technical challenge for water utilities to maintain disinfectant Heat Island residual concentrations throughout the entire distribution network without compromisingthe health of consumers.1o' Severity All three wastewater treatment facilities in the region(Bangor,Brewer,and Orono)are within the 100-year floodplain.108 Water System Bangor,Orono,and Hampden noted the age and relative capacity of their stormwater systems as vulnerabilities.The Layers,and FEMA systems are presently overwhelmed by heavy precipitation events and this issue will be further exacerbated as precipitation Floodplain layers intensifies in the coming decades.Overwhelmed systems impact nearby infrastructure,release contaminated water into the environment,and can be damaged themselves.Stakeholders reported that duringflash flooding events,wastewater treatments facilities are overwhelmed and overflow drains directly into the river. More heavy rainfall will increase the likelihood and frequency of infiltration of stormwater into sewer pipes through cracks and poorly constructed or corroded manholes,which can lead to overflows,blockages,and infrastructure damage.1o9 Data on pump stations was not available throughout the whole region;of those available,only 1(Bangor Kenduskeag)was exposed to flooding. More extreme and frequent storms may put the structural and mechanical systems of pump stations at greater risk of damage and power loss,resulting in backups and potential overflows into buildings and homes.110 Increased flooding in areas served by private wells will likely lead to an increase in the incidence of waterborne diseases amongthose served by private wells,in addition to the added burden of cleaning and disinfecting affected wells.111 Drought can negatively affect water availability;however,stakeholders commented that water supply has not been impacted by recent droughts.In fact,water conservation measures in response to droughts would have adverse effects on 106 Regional Stakeholder Interviews 107 Calero Preciado,et.al.(2021�.Implications of Climate Change:How Does Increased WaterTemperature Influence Biofilm and Water Quality of Chlorinated Drinking Water Distribution Systems? https://www.frontiersi n.org/a rticles/10.3359/fm icb.2021.655927/ful I 10S This assessmenYs GIS analysis did not identify the Bangor and Orono facilities as located in a floodplain due to specifics of the GIS data available.However visual inspection of the regional GIS map showed that portions of each facility intersect with the floodplain. 109 York,ME Climate Action Plan(2022)citing Ministry for the Environment.(2005�.www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ppii/52212096320300525 llo York,ME Climate Action Plan(2022�. "'Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.303 /5.Infrastructural Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' drinking water as too little flow in water pipes can negatively impact water quality.11z Emergencies resulting in the shutdown of drinking water treatment plants,such as flooding or loss of power from storms, can have implications on the delivery of water across the system. The Bangor and Brewer wastewater treatment facilities are exposed to near-term(1.2 ft)and late century(8.8 ft.of SLR) Water System sea level rise/storm surge flooding,respectively. Layers,and Maine Conserved lands in the Orono-Veazie water district are exposed to near-term sea level rise/storm surge flooding(1.2 ft.of Sea Level Rise SLR) Storm Surge Data on pump stations was not available throughout the whole region;of those available,only 1(Bangor Kenduskeag)was Scenarios 2018 exposed to late century sea level rise/storm surge flooding(8.8ft SLR). llz Regional Stakeholder Interviews 50/5.Infrastructural Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' ��UIY'"00IY"I�"0�11IfbII� i6��II�YIfbn.�Q �uyJ�Q�:'�'mJIY"I�"0 Information technology and communications systems in the region include �� cell towers and facilities,radio and N broadcast towers,fiber lines,data centers,telephone networks,and related infrastructure.There are at least two data centers in the region,one at Neville Hall on the UMaine campus in Orono and the FirstLight Bangor Data Center located at 60 Summer St.in '�`r�IC�ERINQ DISPROPORTIONATE IMPACTS Bangor.Penobscot County Regional Communications Center,the Public Safety Answering Point for Penobscot and Aroostook County,is located at I BYb2db211d ACCess 97 Hammond St.in Bangor.GIS data was available to assess cell towers, AM&FM towers,mobile broadcast towers,radio and paging transmissions IneqUitable access to digital resources creates a significant barrier towers,and analog N station towers for exposure to high heat and t�one's ability to access education,employment,essential flooding. 5ervices(such as telemedicine),and opportunities to participate in "civic life.The COVID-19 pandemic recently illuminated the The importance of connectedness has only increased in recent years.The disproportionate impact that digital inequity has on vulnerable COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a shiftto more remote work and remote communities across the U.S.In Maine in particular,rural schooling.While this allows continuity in some respects,it creates communities,communities of color,immigrant communities,older vulnerabilities in others.Despite cellular carrier coverage maps,regional adults,individuals with disabilities,and low-income families were stakeholders identified poor cellular reception and dead zones as a most affected by inequitable digital access during the pandemic.1 On a more local level,in 2017,one in five Penobscot County concern in the region.Residential internet is a critical resource;however,it residents did not have reliable broadband access.2 is dependent upon a resilient electric grid in addition to its own vulnerabilities.Disruptions to cell service and internet are even more Rural communities,communities of color,immigrant communities, impactful for socially and geographically isolated people,including seniors. older adults,individuals with disabilities,and low-income families While broadband service is generally available in town centers, "last mile" in the region will experience disproportionate vulnerability to connectivity is a challenge.Eastern Maine Development Corporation climate change,as lack of access to digital resources will make identified broadband expansion as one of the region's five economic them less able to access important information,including the development goals and recently received a grant for broadband ability to prepare for or hear about an emergency,ability to apply planning.113 for aid or access recovery resources after an emergency. "'Regional Stakeholder Interview 5�./5.Infrastructural Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' Notable Impacts and Vulnerabilities Map It ; ' The Bangor and Orono data centers are located in high(level 4 and 5)urban heat islands.As temperatures rise,the risk Communication of data center overheating increases as does demand and costs for air-conditioning.114 Infrastructure layers, Wireless signal transmission can experience a decreased range in high temperatures resulting in the location/density of Urban Heat Island wireless masts becoming sub-optimal.115 Severity There is limited exposure of communications infrastructure to flooding.Neither data center,nor the Penobscot County Communication Regional Communications Center,nor any of the region's cell towers are located in the FEMA Floodplain. Infrastructure layers, Flooding may damage low-lying or underground infrastructure and access points.Further,erosion or damage to FEMA Floodplain transportation infrastructure may expose cables and trunk routes.11s layers Heavy precipitation reduces the quality and strength of wireless service.11� Strong storms,wind,and fallen trees may increase fallen cell towers or telephone poles.118 Changes in humidity change requirements to maintain internal environments for data centers and other buildings housing communications equipment.119 Neither data center nor the Penobscot County Regional Communications Center nor any of the region's cell towers are Communication exposed to sea level rise/storm surge flooding per the MGS model. Infrastructure layers, Corrosion from saltwater exposure is a risk for communications infrastructure that experiences sea level rise/storm and Maine Sea Level surge.120 Rise Storm Surge Scenarios 2018 "'USAID.(2013�.Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Infrastructure,p.10. , „ „ , „ „ , „ ,,, , ,,, , „ , "s USAID.(2013�.Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Infrastructure,p.30. "s USAID.(2013�.Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Infrastructure,p.30. "'USAID.(2013�.Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Infrastructure,p.29. "a USAID.(2013�.Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Infrastructure,p.30. 19 USAID.(2013�.Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Infrastructure,p.30. izo USAID.(2013�.Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Infrastructure,p.11. 5�/5.Infrastructural Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' �'u��:�IN°u��i� � ir li�V:�li� �b II � �.��r�u II u�u��J��Q "Critical facilities"are defined as those structures from which essential services and functions for victim survival,continuation of public safety actions,and disaster recovery are performed or provided.121 For the purposes of this assessment,critical facilities include EMS Stations(3),Fire Stations(12), Hospitals(7),Emergency Operations Center(1),Designated Emergency Shelters(16),Nursing Homes(6),Pharmacies(27),Public Health Office(1), Urgent Care Centers(3),and Veterans'Centers(2)122.Some critical facilities,such as airports and water infrastructure,are discussed elsewhere in this assessment.More extreme weather events will make the availability of public health and safety facilities,and the services they enable,even more important. As a collective,these facilities tend to have moderate to minimal exposure to the mappable climate hazards;usually this is considered when siting these kinds of facilities.However,what might be even more important is the resilience of the infrastructure they rely on-roads and bridges,energy, communications,water.Loss of water to a hospital,if it persists long enough,may result in an evacuation while flooded roads may slow the response time for first responders to reach victims and certain extreme conditions,such as high wind speeds,are unsafe for large response vehicles to operate at all.1z3 Often,public safety buildings,hospitals,and nursing homes are required to have emergency power,backup communications,and other redundant systems to minimize impacts. Notable Impacts and Vulnerabilities Map It 11 of 16 emergency shelters in the region are in heat islands.The availability of air conditioning at emergency shelter Select Emergency locations and identified cooling stations is becoming more important at the confluence of higher temperatures,in general, Facilities layers and and more frequent and intense storms that may require the opening of emergency shelters.Designated cooling centers are Urban Heat Island of additional importance during extreme heat days and possible brown outs. Severity Stakeholders note that air conditioning has traditionally not been available at nursing homes in the region but that is changing now.Seniors are among the groups most vulnerable to extreme heat. There is moderate to minimal flood exposure for critical facilities in the region.3 Fire Stations(all Bangor)and 8 emergency Select Emergency shelters(Bangor,Old Town,Brewer,Veazie,Milford,Indian Island,Hermon,Orono)are located in moderate/minimal flood Facilities layers and hazard areas(Zone"X")but still outside the 100-year floodplain. FEMA Floodplain Disruptions to power supply could affect climate control in healthcare facilities,which is necessary to maintain a safe layers environment for people as well as supplies.Excess humidity in surgical settings,for example,can affect instrument 121 FEMA.https://emilms.fema.gov/ISOS15/groups/11.html 122 Number in parenthesis denotes the number of each facility that were available for GIS exposure scoring lz3 pennsylvania Department of Health Bureau of EMS(2011�.EMS Info Bulletin 2011-12:Wind effects on ambulance vehicles.https://pehsc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/OS/EMSI&2011-012_Wind- Effects-on-Amb.pdf 53/5.Infrastructural Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' sterility.124 If generators are not available for refrigeration at hospitals,pharmacies,nursing homes,and public health offices,temperature sensitive pharmaceuticals,samples,and other supplies could be compromised,causing adverse effects to patients. The public health and safety facilities had no direct exposure to sea level rise/storm surge.However,flooded transportation Select Emergency and other infrastructure is likely to have indirect effects on these facilities and services. Facilities layers and Maine Sea Level Rise Storm Surge Scenarios lZ°Consulting Specifying Engineer Magazine(2019�.The Fine Line of Humidity and Healthcare:4 MEP Engineering Considerations.https://www.csemag.com/articles/the-fine-line-of-humidity-and- hea Ithcare-4mep-engi neeri ng-considerations/ 5�/5.Infrastructural Impacts and Vulnerabilities �,�d °✓ .��.�i �'� � ��i��i � ( i �, � i � (� I , ,� � ✓ ,� i .r � �o� Ii��,',� io„�! �,/ilioid� � �,��r�°��II ��,��ir��uir,�.o�/�.u��IIIiIN°u��ua��°�Q Key demographics and economic indicators for Penobscot County include the following: . Approximately 150,000 residents in approximately 75,000 housing units . Median age of 42.2 years . 19.4%persons aged 65 years and over(vs.16.9%of the U.S.population) . 60%of residents aged 16+in the labor force . Median household income of$52,128(median U.S.income is about$31,000;median Maine income is about$57,918) . Lower-than-average income inequality(0.434 Gini index) . 13.4%of population belowthe poverty line The economy of Penobscot County employs about 74,000 people.The leading industries in Penobscot County are Educational Services(13.4%);Retail Trade (14.5%);and Health Care and Social Assistance(21.6%),125 representing a shift away from the forest products industry.As such,some of the larger employers are Northern Light Health,St.Joseph Hospital,Penobscot Community Health Care,Husson University(Bangor),and the University of Maine (Orono).126 However,these organizations employ on the order of several hundred rather than several thousand-most businesses in the area are considered small businesses.127 Regional stakeholders noted small businesses having a lack of capital to stay open,so costs associated with preparing for climate impacts as well as responding to damage from climate impacts would be significant.128 The Eastern Maine Development Corporation(EMDC)has many resources for small business owners,such as the Economic Opportunity Response Program,which has trained EMDC point people who facilitate connections between businesses facing challenges and experts who can help.EMDC is very focused on collaboration and partnerships. Climate change also poses challenges to the region's economy in the form of lost profits and lost wages due to closures and disturbances from climate impacts,as well as supply chain disruptions.These impacts will be mostfelt in parts of the Penobscot Climate Action Region with less redundancy(e.g.,the izs penobscot County Emergency Management Agency.(2016�.Penobscot County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan,p.14 126 Top Private Employers in Maine by Average Monthly Employment 1"Quarter 2022.(2022�.Maine Labor Department.Retrieved October 19,2022,from '�'Regional Stakeholder Interviews � iza Regional Stakeholder Interviews 55/6.Socioeconomic Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' only nearby grocery store closes due to air conditioning/food storage issues).Simultaneously,the region faces challenges from an aging population-when the owner of the only pharmacy in the neighborhood retires,the neighborhood is left without access to the services and products the business provided.129 Notable Impacts and Vulnerabilities Map It Reduced number of winter tourists and seasonal residents as a result of decreased snowpack,leading to losses by Commercial Facilities, businesses and lost tax revenue Government Facilities, Increased water temperatures and low summer water levels in local streams and rivers negatively impact businesses Demographic Datasets, and lead to lost tax revenue-such as for fishing guides,people working in habitat restoration,and summer tourism. Urban Heat Severity Business closures because of extreme heat and lack of air conditioning may lead to losses by businesses and lost wages. Owners of both residential and commercial properties may need to invest in air conditioning. Outdoor workers may face lost wages because of cancellations due to extreme heat(e.g.,Construction,Landscaping). Natural resource-based industries mayface losses because oftemperature increases(e.g.,Forestry,Agriculture). Food and economic security for members of the Penobscot Nation is impacted by loss of moose,Atlantic salmon, brook trout,and brown ash trees. Business closures because of flooding and storms may lead to losses by businesses and lost wages. Commercial Facilities, Downtown Bangor has flooding issues during particularly bad storms.During a stakeholder interview,an interviewee Government Facilities, noted that the parking garage in downtown Bangor had flooded right before the interview. Demographic Datasets, Hampden is having difficulties in attracting businesses downtown because of the insufficient stormwater system and NLCD Impervious flooding issues that result. Surface,FEMA Owners of both residential and commercial properties may need to invest in costly repairs before and after Floodplain flooding/storms-stakeholder interviews revealed that small businesses barely have enough capital to stay open in some instances,and COVID only made that more difficult in the past few years. Natural resource-based industries mayface losses because offlooding,drought,and storms(e.g.,Forestry, Agriculture). Power outages as well as losses in internet connectivity have profound effects on many businesses,as can be common during storms. Many businesses do not have enough staff inembers/backups to deal with people calling out of work,say because of 129 Regional Stakeholder Interviews 56/6.Socioeconomic Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' storms or transportation disruptions. Extreme weather events(such as hurricanes,floods,heavy rainfall,and freezes)in other parts of the world cause supply chain disruptions.For example,the Texas freeze of 2021 forced the closure of three major semiconductor plants,which produce essential components of electronic devices used in computing,healthcare,transportation,and clean energy. Some businesses may be impacted by SLR and Tidal Flooding based on their proximity to the Penobscot River,leading Commercial Facilities, to damage and losses by businesses;some businesses may even need to relocate. Government Facilities, Sea level rise inundates ports and other coastal infrastructure across the globe,causing supply chain disruptions that Demographic Datasets, cause price increases and delays for many goods that get passed on to consumers. Maine Sea Level Rise Storm Surge Scenarios 57/6.Socioeconomic Impacts and Vulnerabilities J ��''� ��:��b�r ��r��r��:��r ��,� �a��:��.J ,. Engaging in meaningful activities that align with one's identity and values is essential to overall �� RING[71SPROPORTIONATE IMPACTS wellbeing.Stakeholder interviews revealed key values for the Penobscot Climate Action Region, � ��ation and the�ascading ImpacLS of Climate includingthe following:compassion,cooperation,being neighborly,and appreciatingthe outdoors � through recreation and conservation.130(See Section 4.Environmental Vulnerability:Conserved � �'�� h�� Lands,Parks,Trails,and Recreation for information on outdoor recreation and climate impacts.) 1n tribal communities in Maine,ecosystems are This assessment considered the K-12 Schools,Colleges and Universities,Trade Schools,Childcare ° ��'��1��tertwined with economy,culture,food security, Centers,Places of Worship,Cross Insurance Center(multi—purpose arena),and Bangor State ��d general well-being.Climate change's impact on Fairgrounds.Exposure to high heat,flooding,and extreme weather events threatens community �»d�versity and water quality in the region has members'ability to access and enjoy the services provided by these sites. Significant implications for Native access to food 5ources,physical and mental health,and economic and The Penobscot Climate Action Region is home to the state's public research university(with R1 'recreational opportunities.When local ecosystems are designation)and land-grant university-The University of Maine-in Orono.It enrolls approximately impacted,tribal communities lose access to food 12,000 students,some of whom participate in Division I athletics.Other large institutions include through hunting,fishing,and gathering;shelter Husson University,which enrolls about 3,000 students,and Eastern Maine Community College, materials for dwellings;opportunities for education which enrolls approximately 2,500 students.All contain critical facilities in a range of research through the transfer of ecological knowledge;economic areas including aquaculture,biochemistry,biomedical engineering,and environmental policy.The opportunities through using natural goods for sale; Colleges and Universities have played a large,collaborative role in the state's climate change spiritual support;and much more planning,such as how local professors and researchers are members of the Maine Climate Council and its various subcommittees.Younger students in the region likely attend one of the 43 K-12 According to a recent study conducted in partnership schools that were analyzed in this assessment.Schools'and institutions'exposure to high heat will with Maine tribes and the University of Maine,a major pose a challenge for facilities without cooling systems,may result in school cancellations on concern for the Penobscot Nation is the impact of extreme heat days,and may drive up costs for facilities that need to be temperature controlled. increased tick infestations on the moose population in Athletes engaged in outdoor sports will be more at risk for heat stress during the warm seasons and the region.The decrease in moose population has may face interruptions in winter sports schedules due to decreased snowpack. negatively impacted economic opportunities for tribal guides and threatens a major food source for families in All educational institutions,alongside organizations that provide community benefits such as places Native tribes across the state.Similarly,increased water of worship,will need to prepare for the ramifications of extreme weather events,such as capital temperature and reduction of overall water quality in the improvement costs,communication and power system interruptions,and supply chain disruptions. penobscot River threatens Atlantic Salmon and Brook Trout,both of which are culturally relevant species,and important food sources,to tribes in the region. "o Regional Stakeholder Interviews � �� ' � " � 5$/6.Socioeconomic Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' Notable Impacts and Vulnerabilities Map It Nearly half of the K-12 schools(20/42)are located in urban heat islands(based on a UHI index score of 3 or All Education layers/Childcare higher).Capital and operating expenses associated with cooling facilities could strain tight school budgets and Center layer/Places of compete with other pressing needs. Worship layer/Major Sports 8/40 Childcare Centers are located in urban heat islands(based on a UHI index score of 3 or higher).The very Venues layer/Convention young,like seniors,are more susceptible to heat stress than the population as a whole and air conditioning Centers layer and Urban Heat may not be universally available at centers. Island Severity The Cross Insurance Center is located in an area with a UHI index score of 4,which denotes relatively high urban heat island effect. 17/43 Places of Worship are located in urban heat islands(based on a UHI index score of 3 or higher).Places of worship without air conditioning could choose to cancel services on days of extreme heat,out of concern for public health and safety. Educational Institutions do not have significant exposure to flooding,but participants and their caretakers may All Education layers/Childcare face flooding-related challenges with regard to their commutes.The Bangor School District educates students Center layer/Places of from around the region and a functioning transportation system is essential. Worship layer/Major Sports As with Educational Institutions,Places of Worship do not have significant exposure to flooding;however, Venues layer/Convention regional impacts will affect their congregations. Centers layer and FEMA Floodplain layers This vulnerability assessment did not identify any significant community/cultural assets as especially vulnerable All Education layers/Childcare to sea level rise and/or tidal flooding. Center layer/Places of Worship layer/Major Sports Venues layer/Convention Centers layer and Maine Sea Level Rise Storm Surge Scenarios 59/6.Socioeconomic Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' ��.��I��mJ�P:!�II'�:IN°V Climate impacts pose a number of serious health risks:high heat/extreme heat,air pollution, �� Illi�� aeroallergens,reduced water quality and quantity,water-borne diseases,vector-borne diseases, �� foodborne diseases,and injury risk.For example,days of extreme heat(considered 90°F or above)are becoming more common.Bangor is projected to experience 10.5 days per year over CONSIDERING DISPROPORTIONATE IMPACTS 95°F in the 2050s as compared to its current rate of 3 days per year over 95°F.Extreme heat causes heat illness(symptoms include fatigue,nausea,cramps,weakness,fainting,and stroke). Elderly Populations Increased heat is especially of note for the following populations that are more at risk of Asignificant proportion of Penobscot County's experiencing a heat illness:older adults;those with existing health conditions including chronic population--almost 20%--is 65 years or older.Seniors disease(s);those living in older homes;those without air conditioning;pregnant women;young face heightened health challenges,including children;those who are socially isolated;outdoor athletes;those in outdoor work,including increased fall related injuries,higher rates of chronic agriculture,forestry,outdoor recreation and tourism,landscaping,and construction. illnesses such as cardiovascular disease and As such,this assessment considered assets necessary to maintaining health and wellbeing,as diabetes,and increased instances of physical and well as assets necessary for emergency response.Existing health inequities are often furthered by mental disabilities.Many of these challenges climate change,so special attention was given to populations that may face compounded intersect with,and are exacerbated by,experiences vulnerability,including:older adults,people with disabilities,people with limited digital of poverty,isolation,and lack of access to adequate connectivity,those living in rural areas,people with existing chronic health conditions,and those transportation or other important services.Because with lower or moderate incomes. they are less likely to have access to a cell phone or digital resources,and are more likelyto be socially According to the Maine Shared Community Health Needs Assessment Report of 2019,some of isolated,making it more difficult to reach older the top health priorities for Penobscot County are social determinants of health(how citizens in case of an emergency.They are at higher socioeconomic factors such as education and access to food affect health);mental health;access risk of illness or death related to extreme to care;physical activity,nutrition,and weight;and older adult health/healthy aging.131 All are temperatures,loss of power after a storm,or loss of impacted by climate change to some degree,such as how older adults are more vulnerable to access to medication and medical care during and heat stroke."132 after extreme weather events.Additionally,limited Income is a powerful determinant of health:access to health care,food,and shelter are all physical mobility or access to financial resources dependent on income.Many Mainers do not earn enough to meet their basic health needs,and makes it much harder for seniors to relocate during Mainers with lower incomes have higher rates of chronic disease,such as asthma,diabetes,and an emergency or afford the cost of recovery.All of cancer.133 Low-income individuals,people who are geographically isolated,and people with these factors make seniors exceptionally vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. "'Maine CHNA.(2019�.Penobscot County 2019 Maine Shared Community Health Needs Assessment Report,pp.410. , _ .,, „ , ,,, „ ,,, ,,, "z Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,pp.297-321 133 Pizzonia C,Lichter EL,Teach F,Birkhimer N,MoriamLozano E The Way Health Should Be:Social Determinants of Health in Maine 2019.Augusta,Maine:Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 60/6.Socioeconomic Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' disabilities or mobility issues,will also be disproportionately impacted by health risks posed by climate change,as they are at higher risk of not being able to physically access health care centers or afford health care costs. Penobscot County residents in particular face high barriers to health care access.The 2022 Maine Shared Community Health Needs Assessment for Penobscot County found that,in one 12-month period,12.3%of adults reported that they could not see a doctor when they needed to.Similarly,8.8%of individuals were uninsured,and 14.5%of residents needed to travel 30 miles or more to be seen by a primary care provider.134 Other environmental factors, like exposure to lead,mold,and other toxins,compound the health risks that tens of thousands of Mainers already face due to living in poor housing conditions or in geographic areas with higher levels of contamination.135 Additionally,people experiencing housing insecurity or homelessness have overlapping health issues that could make them less mobile(in the case of evacuation)and less able to access resources for safety in extreme temperatures (access to the ability to stay cool during extreme heat days)and putthem at higher risk of injury or illness in extreme weather events. %,,%%/�o%��%/i�ii��%��I� ��1� 1� 1�� r111,1 1�1111 I 1111J11�11{ � . . • - • .•. • ,, ii��,,,� �� . . .. ". . .. . . � � � + . GCJMf�11fNl�kES �, ! ,;;e ��/ioi%/1i�i2'�'Q/�� 1'C7�,4�AC347LT�`� • . • • t7�C.C��11� ' �i�� i�ai� � � � r��%/i��/(�y�//�10i/i6r hN� '. . „J��iiiii��i ��j�/�d�p/��Oil��//�//��iii/ '� .�.� . •� . . • .�• ' �w�� "� ��ii%i�y/iii�Dutl�i�a�i//i i � '� � e4� � ��l � i i� • � •�• • �. i/O�,%��0�(/�// i000iii iD� � �j/ �l /�� ii/////%%///� (��f�� G i �� .�/�/�� i/�� % � i�' / i� � ' � %///ii/liiiii /� j ��j ,. �j � %�/"'��j/.��////� � i i � I i i o ....j/ � � � l a > l, �/j�� y.-.. , i ;i t , �� i� % ��, � �� ru�rg�n�^�e��+ar��is�� , �,x��// �, �/° �� ,�-�/� �� o �aca rs�us��» �::: /,i//%� / /// �jj �,>,r ° „iiii (/r�� ,,, � ii i'/,;l,, "L%//,� �% ! I� €€€.` y'�i��` !�//%/o;<;, /i � iiv � / lr � / �MILCIR��J �� m��`'` G;bW t�NCf3M� i�%r /�ii�ii///aiaiaiioioiaiii �,�� CbA�tl�i��hJITI��, °� �,. ��,,,:, i/�,�ii/r, ,,,,, �iiii/,,,c„ �.. ,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,� . '�l �p1�I�D�1Ji1DJlU1DUl11��J........ r Oai�f i��fuir al!�rtnil�e,f�flw��i��r��ld� � �;;,,,� �' �� 1rIG+l��ir��iJh�r��li�llli��fil��Yii�ii�� l �i�; l�rtiiff�l�l��tr�)Jv)��b,�ll � � �i!�l � I� �,�uivr� � �� „"� � �I � ��°"��l l� ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,, � �� l` 1 �°, , 1 �"«��J��n r��, „I111��1�� , � r �, f ( // / 1 1 r�cr�iY��1��ek�KYacs��rr� tlP i„ %,,,,,,, „ � I� ( j 1 I �I ��, ��l(„�I,..� � ;; ��i,,,,,.�;,,,�,��,�i�,i„ � 134 Maine Shared CNA(2022)Penobscot County Community Health Needs Assessment Report,p.13 135 Pizzonia C,Lichter EL,Teach F,Birkhimer N,MoriamLozano E The Way Health Should Be:Social Determinants of Health in Maine 2019.Augusta,Maine:Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention 6�./6.Socioeconomic Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' Notable Impacts and Vulnerabilities Map It Many healthcare facilities,including St.Joseph Hospital,Acadia Hospital,and Eastern Maine Medical Center in Bangor,as Select Emergency well as Northern Light Hospital in Brewer,are situated within urban heat islands(UHI levels 3 and 4),which increases Facilities layers, electrical demand on these facilities for cooling. Demographic 6/27 Pharmacies face notable urban heat effect(UHI 4 or above),which could have serious consequences for medication Datasets,and storage in the event of a power outage as well as challenges for those who access those pharmacies by walking or public Urban Heat Island tra nsit. Severity 3/6 Nursing homes face some urban heat effect(UHI 3),which could lead to heat stroke/heat illness concerns for older residents on days of extreme heat. Both Veterans' Centers face some urban heat effect(UHI 3). There are approximately 10%more all-cause emergency department visits and all-cause deaths on extremely hot days (95°F),as compared to moderate days(75°F).13s Exposure to extreme heat has been associated with decreased well-being,reduced cognitive performance,aggression, violence,and suicidality. For unhoused residents in the region,lack of access to water is especially dangerous on high heat days. While the burden of cold-related illness in Maine is currently higher than the burden of heat-related illness,modeling of heat-and cold-related illness projections for Portland,Bangor,and 207 other US cities suggest that reductions in cold- related impacts will be more than offset by increases in heat-related impacts.For example,one of the projected scenarios shows an annual reduction in Bangor of 12 cold-related deaths,against an increase of 29 heat-related deaths,by 2100.13� Earlier spring arrival and warmer temperatures can increase the duration of the pollen season and can increase the amount of pollen produced by plants,prompting more allergic responses-especially of note for those with preexisting respiratory conditions. o Maine lacks a publicly accessible,statewide mechanism for reporting pollen information. Rising temperatures are associated with more case numbers and a larger geographic extent of tick-borne diseases such as Lyme disease,anaplasmosis,babesiosis,and Powassan encephalitis virus. Warmer surface waters may be associated with outbreaks of waterborne diseases,including vibrio bacteria and harmful algal blooms(HABS),both of which decrease water quality and increase exposure to waterborne illnesses. "s Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.297 "'Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.300 6�/6.Socioeconomic Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' 15/27 Pharmacies face low flood risk(FEMA Hazard Zone X). Select Emergency Extreme weather events,especially extreme precipitation events like coastal storms and nor'easters,are likely to increase Facilities layers in frequency and intensity,leading to increases in storm-related injuries and deaths.Extreme weather events can cause and,Demographic power outages,which are associated with carbon monoxide poisonings and foodborne illnesses. Datasets,FEMA Increased precipitation(as well as an increased growing season)is associated with larger mosquito populations and Floodplain layers increased viral amplification within mosquitoes during spring and summer.This could lead to greater incidence of mosquito-borne diseases such as West Nile virus,Eastern Equine Encephalitis,and Jamestown Canyon virus. Anxiety,depression,post-traumatic stress disorder,and suicidality have been documented in communities that have been displaced or severely impacted by storms or flooding.138 This vulnerability assessment did not identify any health assets to be significantly vulnerable to sea level rise impacts Select Parcels and and/or tidal flooding impacts. Land Information layers,Demographic Datasets,and Maine Sea Level Rise Storm Surge Scenarios "a Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.299 63/6.Socioeconomic Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' ��.��fl.��,11 n„Q II I�b�"�!i Penobscot County is home to approximately 15Q000 residents ��w� in approximately 75,000 housing units.70%of housing units are owner-occupied,and the median value of those units is about $148,000.139 For renters,the gross rent is$823.��Roughly ':'(��IDEFtINC�DISPROPORTIONATE IMPACTS 85%of residents are living in the same house as the year before. I 4%of households speak a language in the home other than Nousing Burden English,91%of households have a computer,83%of i � ' � � �� t�iviews emphasized that housing-particularly affordability for seniors,low- households have an internet subscription,and the average J��1 � � number of cars per household is 2.141 '��s,and people with disabilities-is already a pressing issue in the region. � ak�,k1[71dBXs also noted concern about the lack of safe and affordable housing options for the When considering the vulnerabilities caused to the housing YiSin�rnUmber of people experiencing homelessness. sector by climate change,major considerations include the ability ��y��jgor,65.2%of households are unable to afford the average rent for a 2-bedroom of homes to withstand climatic changes and the costs associated with improvements that decrease vulnerability,such as a�artment.1 Low-income individuals,people on fixed incomes(like seniors and people with disabilities),and renters are less likely to be able to afford energy retrofits or other upgrades waterproofing.Some residents,including those in poverty,those that will make their housing more resilient to climate change impacts before a storm or reduce experiencing housing insecurity,and those with lower incomes, energy burdens for heating and cooling.Those who lack financial resources to afford repairs, often face higher risk of flooding as well as higher exposure to hotels,or relocation costs are at particularly high risk after a storm.Elevating housing to urban heat island effect,alongside the possibility of high costs address flooding can reduce accessibility for those with disabilities,but people living in associated with improvements,damages,and repairs.In this housing with chronic flooding could see increased instances of mold,which can lead to way,climate change affects housing stock,housing affordability, adverse health impacts.As temperatures get more extreme,increases in heating or cooling and housing costs such as heating and cooling costs. bills put strain on one's ability to afford rent or mortgage payments.Renters will likely carry a Additionally,stakeholder interviews revealed that residents of the disproportionate burden as,nationally,energy use per square foot is 10%greater for rentals Penobscot Climate Action Region prefer to endure storms and than owner-occupied homes for buildings built after 1980(35%for buildings built before extreme weather events in their homes rather than shelters, 1940).2 information which only supports increased attention to resilient housing in the region.14z Affordable housing,including mobile homes and public housing,tend to be in areas that are physically more vulnerable to climate impacts,further exacerbating the strain on affordable Cooling will be of particular importance in the region in light of options that the region is already feeling.A recent report by Climate Central estimates that increasing occurrence of high heat days,as homes in New nearly 50 affordable housing units in Penobscot County will be vulnerable to annual coastal England(especially older homes)are designed to keep residents flooding by 2030,with that number projected to quadruple by 2100.3 The Bangor Waterworks warm-not cool-with techniques that promote trapping heat, Apartments(a 35-unit affordable housing community)are among the affordable housing units most at risk of being affected by increased instances of flooding.All of these vulnerabilities will is9-iao U.S.Census Bureau(2021�.QuickFacts:PenobscotCounty,nnaine. be exacerbated by climate change,which overall,leads to greater housing insecurity,risk of Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/penobscotcountymaine displacement,and houselessness. 142 Stakeholder interviews 6�/6.Socioeconomic Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' such as dark and steep roofs.Over one-fifth of owned Maine homes were built before 1940,and nearly one-third of rented Maine units were built before 1940-it wasn't until the late 1960s that new homes were being built with central air conditioning in the United States.143 While the national average for air conditioning in homes is 88%144,only 56.3%of homes in Penobscot County have air conditioning(as of 2014).145 On days of high heat,Mainers with air conditioning will likely need to contend with the high costs associated with cooling their homes,while Mainers without air conditioning will face increased risk of heat illness.Hot weather also causes mold issues,foundation and roof deterioration,and warping of floors,especially hardwood.The Maine Climate Council's Scientific and Technical Subcommittee has identified,"a better understanding of key facilities...such as long-term care facilities without air conditioning around the state as a priority information need."14s However,a need for residential improvements and upgrades can coincide with both climate- friendly solutions and low-cost technologies,such as passive coolingtechniques alongside energy efficient appliances and systems. Additionally,attention should be given to climate migration-both in the region and to the region.While this assessment records the climate impacts faced by Mainers living in the Penobscot Climate Action Region,it will experience relatively fewer impacts from sea level rise,flooding,heat,and extreme weather events than some parts of New England and other parts of the United States.As such,this climate-driven movement of people to,and within,the Penobscot Climate Action Region could increase housing and living costs for current residents. Notable Impacts and Vulnerabilities Map It The Maine Housing Authority does not have specific requirements for climate adaptation for some facilities-it can be cost Select Parcels and prohibitive to add features such as heat pumps to facilities after the fact. Land Information 2 Mobile Home Parks are in areas experiencing urban heat island(UHI 3). layers, High utility costs are common in older homes,which are more common among low-income owners and renters. Demographic Stakeholder interviews revealed that low-income residents(especially older adults on fixed incomes)are not purchasing air Datasets,and conditioning units because of the cost,even though they are becoming essential.Additionally,older adults and those with Urban Heat Island limited mobility may have an especially difficult time installing the heavy air conditioning units-these groups are faced Severity with either costs after finding someone to install the units or risk of injury from attempting to do it by themselves.The same is true of installing generators. Extreme temperatures pose severe threats to people in the region experiencing homelessness.Compounding issues such as substance misuse disorders,mental health,and a preference to be alone make using group shelters and emergency cooling centers a challenge.Providing alternatives that are outdoors and or allow for privacy will better support residents. For example,interviewees mentioned ensuring access to water through fountains or misters and providing private cooled spaces.Further,high utility costs,especially in rental units,make it even more difficultto transition to independent housing. 143 U.S.Census Bureau(2017�.American Community Survey,5-Year Estimates,via https://www.mainehousing.org/docs/default-source/policy-research/research-reports/housing-profiles/characteristics- of-housi ng-i n-mai ne--ja nuary-2019.pdf?sfvrsn=5a63aS15 10 144 Barrone,Emily(2022�,These 5 Charts Show Just How Much the U.S.Relies on Air Conditioning,Time Magazine.Retrieved from https://time.com/6209442/air-conditioning-america-reliance/ 145 Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.300 "s Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.316 65/6.Socioeconomic Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' Stakeholder interviews revealed that it has become more common to cut down trees to prevent any damage from falling trees during storms.However,a lack of shade trees leads to more urban heat. Heat can damage properties,resulting in costly financial losses for homeowners. The cost of flood insurance will continue to rise. Select Parcels and Flooding can cause significant damage to personal property,resulting in costly financial losses for homeowners. Land Information Stakeholder interviews revealed that Northern light has noticed more damage from flooding to patients'homes as well as layers, facilities. Demographic 1 Mobile Home Park is in the 100-Year Floodplain,and 2 are in the 500-Year Floodplain. Datasets,and Extreme weather events(especially windstorms)cause power outages and internet/broadband outages,which stakeholder FEMA Floodplain interviews revealed are common in some communities,even on days without apparent weather concerns. layers Unhoused residents of the region noted that many people experiencing homelessness have multiple overlapping vulnerabilities(e.g.,health,disability,mental health,substance misuse disorders)that make it particularly hard for them to be in group shelters,and hard for them to get around during extreme weather.Both are challenges that will increase for this portion ofthe population. Those located near the tidal portions of the Penobscot River system may experience tidal flooding,which can cause Select Parcels and significant damage to personal property,resulting in costly financial losses for homeowners. Land Information layers, Demographic Datasets,and Maine Sea Level Rise Storm Surge Scenarios 66/6.Socioeconomic Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' IC::'�:u�:uu:9 �';;i1�K,.��,,u.aiii'liC'.y� Mainers consume primarily imported food-approximately 90%of Maine food is brought in from out of state.147 As such,Mainers are especially vulnerable to global supply chain disruptions caused by climate change,as they are more reliant on imports than local food economies for personal food consumption. Of all the New England states,Maine ranks 15t in food insecurity,meaningthat many Maine households find themselves with a lack of financial resources to consistently purchase the food needed for an active,healthy life.148 Food insecurity is often not the result of limited available food,but rather uneven distribution of resources.Ofthe Mainersfacingfood insecurity,one-third live in Cumberland and PenobscotCounties. Within the Penobscot Climate Action Region,many low-income or food insecure residents rely on gardening,hunting,fishing and foragingto supplementtheir food supply.All of those activities increased during and post-COVIDI9 pandemic.However,all of these activities are at risk of lower yields/take-home from both gradual climatic changes and extreme events.149 Per the Penobscot County Hazard Mitigation Plan,the major threats to food security are severe winter storms,specifically snowstorms.Snowstorms make it difficult for residents(especially remote and isolated residents)to access food and fuel for themselves,and feed,water,and shelter for their livestock.15o Some of the worst winter storm damages came from an ice storm-the Great Ice Storm of 1998-leading to massive power loss and food spoilage.151 Ice storms are another type of winter storm where rain freezes on impact,creating a coating at least one-fourth inch in thickness,leading to damaged trees and overheard wires,alongside other issues.Extreme rainfall events are also associated with power outages-which make it difficult to access food and cause food spoilage.Alongside more extreme weather events of all types,more days of extreme heat will also make it more difficult to access food stores and food banks-especially for those who walk.Extreme heat can also lead to power outages and disruptions,affecting safe storage of food. "'Maine Climate Council Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.(2020�.Scientific Assessment of Climate Change and its Effects in Maine,p.16 "a What is food insecurity in America?Hunger and Health.(2022,May 5�.Retrieved October 19,2022,from https://hungerandhealth.feedingamerica.org/understand-food- insecurity/ 149 National Food Access and COVID Research Team(2021�.Home Food Production and Food Security Since the COVID-19 Pandemic. iso penobscot County Emergency Management Agency.(2016�.Penobscot County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan,p.105 's'penobscot County Emergency Management Agency.(2016�.Penobscot County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan,p.120 67/6.Socioeconomic Impacts and Vulnerabilities • : r / ' Notable Impacts and Vulnerabilities Map It More frequent high heat days will increase cooling costs for food access points such as grocery stores. Public Refrigerated More frequent high heat days will also make it more difficult for people to get to food access points if they use Warehouses,Demographic public transportation or walk to those destinations. Datasets,Urban Heat Island Increased heat can lead to higher occurrence of food spoilage and food-borne pathogens. Severity Increased temperatures lead to new pests,water scarcity,and decreased crop yields.Then,global supply chain disruptions can cause limited availability of certain goods as well as rising food prices. o Stakeholder interviews revealed that affording food is already difficult for older adults in the region. Food prices are already rising.There are resources in the region to support those who are food insecure,butthe resources appearto be insufficientforthe number of people needingassistance. Regional food distribution could be disrupted by road closures during extreme weather events/emergencies as public Refrigerated well as disruptions after said events because of damages. Warehouses,Demographic Supply chain disruptions can cause food costs to rise,which could increase food insecurity among lower-income Datasets,NLCD Impervious residents in the region. Surface,FEMA Floodplain Sea level rise inundates ports and other coastal infrastructure across the globe,causing supply chain disruptions Public Refrigerated that cause price increases and delays for many goods that get passed on to consumers. Warehouses,Demographic Food access points located close to the tidal regions of the Penobscot River system may be affected by sea level Datasets,Maine Sea Level rise and tidal flooding. Rise Storm Surge Scenarios 68/6.Socioeconomic Impacts and Vulnerabilities C al In a II y C Tra � � „ „ „ �„ ,,,� .r,l„I��111�11�1'2111I, 'r , r ,�� , r , ,.. P � a ,l ,/- „ ��!� J , _ r ,�u , , � �. ,, , ,. ��r , �,,, � „ , . , ,r � , � ,, , , „� ,. , �� , � i ��F. �. ( , r , °�,o� .J . �,,,,o o/�e,a . ,1 ,,, ��.J . �,,,,� , , ,� , , „ , ,,� , ,,. .. „=c r ,,. ,, .. , ,� ''=C ,, , . , ,,, I�£;' , . , ,� ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... . ... . ,_., ,, . ,, , �,, , !' ,� , ,, ,.. , , . , , r:. , ,. ; r,,,;,, , „, , ,,; , , , , ,' ,r,.�„ , , ,' ., �w��ru�.bll0?u�illi��.�i��.��II�VIIu�:� � � � � � �, The CDCs Social Vulnerability Index(SVI)is an important , �� indicator of Penobscot Climate Action Region citizens' �} �" vulnerability to disease,natural disasters,and economic health. III i �m�� The SVI indicates how prepared a community is to prevent �� human suffering and financial loss in the event of a disaster.152 �IUI�G The SVI scores range from 0(lowest vulnerability)to 1(highest �+ � vulnerability).As of 201$ Penobscot County's SVI score was � � 0.4532,which indicates a low to moderate level of vulnerability. �� rr �� . � The main driver of social vulnerability in Penobscot County is � �o�� r��e,.ab�,�y Housing Type and Transportation. � � '�'�°'� �0� � ova,��-r,�� Illlluu �� -_� � J ' ,��i,, �� , ,,��ii,,,,, ��,��,��r isz CDC SVI 2015 Documentation.(2020,lonuory 31).CDC's Social Vulnerability Index(SV1�.(n.d.�.Retrieved August 25,2022,from 69/7.Additional Considerations ��w�P°��irb�'� ��"��.J ir The National Land Cover Datasets shows the overview of the composition of the Penobscot Climate Action Region.The �I n LC ) majority of the region is covered by evergreen and mixed I I i�;"��le�l,i�,i�rl I�i ir)(��d�r I�-�I�� ,�, ,�, �.r -°=. , ; �.r; . : . ,. forests.Open space,wetlands,farm fields,and forests provide �. ��r, r�=:��. :. . ,�� r:� , . , ,. . , . , ,. , „ the region a valuable service of storing carbon. 1;, r.,�-��; I r ,,��r �, .� �r �, , r� , ,-. ..,, ,.�.., .. ,..:;-,1= r ., .r. , ,; �,L',s; '"4 Densely developed areas around the Bangor,Brewer,Orono, � " "" � and Old Town area has led to deforestation in those �� '�'� "��`'' communities.The loss of open space in these cities means a loss of carbon storage as well.Therefore,the regionisnotabletooffsettheircarbon ��F � "ti �� ,,. � emissions as effectivel . ��"�� Y ��r �� , �:,��wr � i Yr�i . 4+ �(�� iF More developed communities'often �� h��sf"�� "�� x �� a��^��o� ,�� , ��!� correspond with urban heatislands.In r��' �� " bu�� " �ern� nr . N� ip �,,r�au��r'u, ,F � � addition to the human health impacts caused '6` + �� , r a��"�'` '�w. i �� a t�' � � by excess heat,continued warming prompts � °r�x � �p� ro�b��°�� ,��'1'��i .,° � � a need for more energy to keep buildings �r�� "��a �� ' � + � �� r v�y ��,h�w^/�w �� w"r� a� , UfUI COO I. �"�fl�/ '� ^i""i pd��i f � ti � - - . � ��' w � W�9 Areas that are more developed also have a � � ��" � ��` ��r�� ' � �"" � ""�'" ,�`�P ro r' �, r�� " I 1 larger relative portion of impervious surfaces �� , ��r�� Xw� �,t��y�lQ��' �'"il"�" " �1 c "� ��ad�'��'� ,.,�'��h +�,i�1�,��w 1�' �� r; �� u� . i � Y � which makes them more vulnerable to � � �� i�r� �'"�IF '°, �� '' s�' �� '�!�'!i!�,� rr'�� '��`�� a� �`i V�ry , flooding associated with runoff from heavy � � �i�� {s�� "�r � �� precipitation events. ��n�i�('�� ,�� "�� ` �� I � ��_-�• � � N �r�� ,�� i � � � �u��° R, �� + �',?�, � ��'W��r� y�� m�� I �� ;�� I 1 @ �'� � ��,� � �_�..� .�� ' i ��f�f �" ;� I�Yp�y , ��rt �� r � �� u��"! �r�i �� ;�� ,��^�� (F1` 's'Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium.(2019�.NLCD Land Cover 2019 CONUS Land Cover.https://www.mrlc.gov/viewer/ 70/7.Additional Considerations • : r / ' �"�'�'m��Qllllll�.Jl�b'�: �611b4� �a��ll�ll��'�:'��."4� �.f.��l�b4.��„p The Nature Ca�nservaacy's Reslllent aad Conaected The Nature Conservancy's Resilient and Connected Landscapes nd �pping T ' project,which led to the Resilient and Connected Lands MappingTool,allowsuserstoviewanarea'smostresilientsites IIi„ I,Ir,,lii,c, (;.r�n�,.i� iii„'q�'r, l,,,,ih,ani «iiti�nriii��,�rr) I�n��% and most significant climate corridors. I�f%ripinJ;I rr�l=-_��-�, �, - , ��:u �, � =+t� `�, r-°'� �r r� , ._ . ,, . , ,, r��. ,,,,.., , , , ,r�,r� �� The PenobscotClimate Action Region interactive map viewer � r„ r I r r,{ r,� , contains data from the project on two dimensions for any , r� .,, r; , ,, . ,,., .., , j-r , . specific area or"ecoregion":one score that represents the r,,,, r r �r�r, ,, r, -I� r � , area's resilience,and one that represents local connectedness. r �,,, , , � � �, ,_ , , t ,,, .� , ,, �.t �, , ,. , ,,. , As such,it is an important tool to assess the region's �. =�+�,,� , ��r:s : �, �� :-u environments'resiliency to impacts from climate change,and it � >, I �, �, ;c ,s: �, ;r�� , ,- �,�,r- ��,.! .-c( illuminates where to protect land to maintain connected , � . � . ; r �+. �.r r:��,� r �;�: u habitats. ;. ,, .. � r.. , .., �, .,: r ,-;;i%;,-; .. , ,. , ,,.. , , .,r'.. . ,, .. , ,, . , , ,�r ",r',r 3 h �i�iilVV� II�iV��ViV�i�IVi��iVl ViVI VIiVIi�iVi��l� , , ,r,r ; � r a,r, r<; � My� R rY' I2 I Sfl M f N . . ,, � ��fl� , b`� U F ue i�� [ r�ia _ ,a �, +C /u� r � F ,�o a i au�, u� :,y i�, �� y"�i;,� ,af�i�y�� , �d t o �`,� �� ,- � �� ,� �� .� i� � ' � y" ' !� � " � r,; l� , ,��'� ➢VNq � = „� ra iiiii�% f� �. . ..-., .,. , i� � 9 � ta�pr ri� f I �, � � r /ii I 7 m Il��j�'� ,�@��N ,,��"�ik� � i �! U�11R� , . .. �9a11�Y�`� � � ,� �, � �µ u^ r „ aaE`r �' �� "�$�7f ^.� �N�r I�n � �a ,�u� IU�J,�,.�. y� d W� ��"�xabr � �W's%� ��j i0 „ �y � i e s f ddvs y�� '�� tip „'�'', r ohie la � r� ��"� �I �� .. ti� ,.,,�-d. _ �t �� y � � � �� .,� , �� ,��;: �� '� _.,�._, ��'��M4 ��'�'�i�l� �'� �-� f� � I `�"��IV��- " �a�""��hp�J"�� r I a w. �p,�� , � �.;. _,., m�-. 7�./7.Additional Considerations ,I�r,r,l�il(litii�l,.`.€o lir,(r�llr�,wli g;n�iirlduv,l,v,i d or;,,i iiv,u�iic��I��io Ir,i i�lli„r,�i ii n��r,i�ir,�,�>orr�lu,r��i,r�I,rr��uir,d�v,luv,l�lr, li3�ir, �iv,r,, � � ; r i � ti i � s,i�i ii�fr�ri�iv,ir�i �Jiv, n(r�ri3��ia��i lii v„sr;,,i�ir,i��, �� "` `�' `""l `� ' �' `'>�"' � ` �"'� �'"`� penobscot Climate Action Communities � City of Bangor:Laurie Linscott,Anne Krieg,Steve Bolduc,John Theriault,Josh Saucier,Rich May,Amanda Smith,Patty Hamilton, This Penobscot Climate Action baseline assessment project was Jenny Doyle managed by the Bangor Area Comprehensive Transportation System Town of Orono:Sophie Wilson,Kyle Dexler,Rob Yerxa,Kevin Sirois (BACTS)in partnership with the City of Bangor and Town of Orono. Town of Bradley:Melissa Doan Project ManagementTeam City of Brewer:Linda Johns,Jeremy Caron Anja Collette,City of Bangor Town of Hampden:Amy Ryder Sara Devlin,BACTS Town of Hermon:Scott Perkins Dan Dixon,University of Maine Town of Milford:Sarah Commeau Meghan Hess,Town of Orono City of Old Town:EJ Roach,Karoline Bass Madeline Jensen,BACTS Town of Orrington:Chris Backman,Benjamin Birch Courtney 0'Donnell,City of Bangor Town of Veazie:Mark Leonard,Chuck Applebee Belle Ryder,Town of Orono Penobscot Indian Nation:David Pardilla,Darren Ranco Project Interns Additional Partners and Contributors Mary 0'Flaherty,University of Maine/BACTS University of Maine:Sean Birkell,Mike Schwartz,Stewart Harvey, Sara Delaney,University of Maine/BSC Group Kenneth Doiron,Donna Coffin Robert Cade King,University of Maine/BSC Group Bangor Area Comprehensive Transportation System:Evan King Gabriella Wiegman,University of Maine/BSC Group BACTS Policy Committee Members Bangor Land Trust:Lucy Quimby ConsultantTeam Bangor School District:Ray Phinney BSC Group,Inc.(Climate VulnerabilityAssessment Lead) Community Residents:Dominick Rizzo,Harris Madson,Steven Morin Linnean Solutions(Community Engagement Lead) Eastern Area Agency on Aging:Tabatha Caso Integral Group(Greenhouse Gas Inventory Lead) Eastern Maine Development Corporation:Vicki Rusbult Scouter Design(Design Lead) Maine Department of Transportation:Taylor LaBreque,John Devin Maine Emergency Management Agency:Samuel Roy Northern Light:Kathy Knight,Tim Doak,Paul Howe,Melissa Stuart Orono Land Trust:Adam Toothaker Penobscot County Emergency Management:Bradley Nuding Penquis:Steve Richard US Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Agency:Thomas "TJ"Swensen,Jr. Erik DaSilva,Bicycle Coalition of Maine Residents,Community Housing of Mainelsa 's'Residents did not wish to provide names 72/Acknowledgements /` I�, I�,�:� � � �, , a��I�.�I�o�ri�ba��li�s.C0 ft.�;�� II��b�Q��.J�� C��Q��Q�.J�V:� �a��:l��o�.u�.�Qu�ii�� i��J�.�p ExposurescoresareavailableinanExcelworkbookat;,, , ,, , , , , , , ,,,, , , , , , ,,, , , , , , ,,, , , , ,,,,,, , ,,,, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,,, 7�/Appendices • : r / ' a��l�.�l�o�.�i�ba��li�s. �� J��.9u�.uii��.�ll IP�'��bl��o If;��P:b�.�.b �.�.b��i� �irb��.J�s: The following is a list of data layers,by group,in the regional map viewer to assist users with navigating the layers menu. i � �; 'i � Bangor/Orono Features � Communications � �overnment Facilities � Environmental Features(con't) BangorTrails AM/FM Transmission Towers Courthouses Maine High Value Plant and Bangor Open Space Cellular Towers Department of Defense Animal Habitats Critical Assets Paging Towers Facilities Maine Wetlands Bangor Utilities: Land Mobile Broadcast Correctional Facilities Characterization Stormwater/Sewer Towers Hazf�lat,Wastewater,� Parcels and Land Information Orono/Veazie Water District TV Analog Station Chemicals BACTS Town Boundaries Features Transmitters Wastewater Treatment Plants Oher Town Boundaries Commercial Facilities Ener�y Solid Waste Landfill Facilities Parcels Banks Electrical Substations EPA Sites/Facilities Conserved Lands Industrial/Manufacturing Power Plants in the US Transportation Native Lands Child Care Centers Petroleum Terminals Proposed Bus Stops FEMA Floodplain . Shipping Facilities . Petroleum,Oil,and . Airports . 100-year Places of Worship Lubricants Terminals Bridges 500-year Major Sports Venues Natural Gas Receipt Delivery Boat Launches Coastal Tidal Data Convention Centers and Points Large Culverts Coastal Undeveloped Blocks Fairgrounds Natural Gas Compressor Cross Culverts -1m SLR Education Stations Amtrak Stations Current Tidal Marshes Schools Non-Gasoline Alternative Community Connector Bus Tidal Marsh Potential Colleges and Universities Fueling Stations Routes Migration Technical/Trade Schools EPA Facility Interests Intermodal Freight Facilities Maine Sea Level Rise Storm Truck Driving Schools National Inventory of Dams Pipeline Surge Scenarios Emergency Facilities Dam Lines Railroads Urban Heat Island Severity for US Hospitals Electric PowerTransmission Runways Cities EMS Stations Lines Public Roads Land Cover/Resiliency Datasets Urgent Care Facilities Natural Gas Liquid Pipelines f�tlobile Home Parks National Land Cover Dataset Pharmacies Food and Agriculture Environmental Features -Land Cover,Canopy, Veterans' Health Facilities Public Refrigerated Vernal Pool Centerpoints Impervious Surface,Cropland Nursing Homes Warehouses Significant Vernal Pools Demographic Datasets Public Health Offices Poultry Processing Facilities Tidal Waterfowl and Wading CDC Social Vulnerability . Fire Stations Bird Habitat . ACS-Income,Language, Local Emergency Operations Endangered Threatened and Disability Centers SpecialConcern National Shelter System Facilities 7�/Appendices where they need to go safely and efficiently.Public ��II��IID��Iib4'��Il�b. � ��J��,Il�uli��:!�II ��iu�,,.6I�a��mJIN°V�ull4'��:JIP �IY��IfvJ�II��mJVJ��"'Q transportationisworkingtoremovebarriersin ��,'��u�111Y'"�""�IY'"�""��P:!�IP�J people's lives. A sample interview presentation is available at: More frequent or more intense storms can make it harder for these services to achieve those goals—with more detours,schedule changes,inability to clear Eastern Maine Development Corporation ice/snow quickly enough,power outages (9/15/22) The bus/paratransit workforce is small and can't adjust . Vulnerable assets—roads,housing stock,last mile to big swings in demand from cancellations and broadband,see notes rescheduling . Majority of businesses in the area are small or , Concern about capital needed to make adjustments medium. and improvements This means that they don't have bigger staffing Intertown coordination for adaptation and mitigation resources to draw from,if someone is out sick,quits, strategies will be important etc.a Vulnerability . Smaller businesses may be struggling to stay open, City of Bangor(9/19/2022) hard to invest in long-term planning unless get Economy—working to create employment additional support opportunities People want to hear about dimate projections from Vulnerable assets—only enough money and supplies local partners rather than outsiders to keep up with current infrastructure needs, EMDC is visiting communities and talking about'what operating more reactively than preventatively. they can do now' Upgrading critical infrastructure over-time. EMDC has dimate resiliency in its 5-yr plan,and now Need more redundancy and flexibility in the has a dimate change question in its business needs infrastructure assessment.Other relevant projects mentioned. F High heat days and drought lead to issues in the water systems—chloramines break down,and not enough Transportation System Managers(9/16/22) water flow in pipes Vulnerable assets—older and already damaged roads, Maine is very water rich,so will not want to follow the bridges same trend in water regulations as much of the rest of The goal of the transportation services is to get people the country—can be an issue since appliances and 75/Appendices • : r / ' other infrastructure now being designed for water- Town planners have a bigger challenge because they saving are used to making 5-yr plans based on expected Regulations—Bangor area has stricter challenges vs budget,and now there is more environmental/safety regulations for industry than variability some other areas,and businesses have chosen to � , , relocate because of this,will continue to do so It was suggested that Bangor needs to upgrade aging or insufficient infrastructure and ensure that essential BACTS Policy Committee Workshop(9/20/22) services and systems have a high level of redundancy. ��" ��"�`" . Traffic signals,roads,and drainage infrastructure are Highlighting vulnerability of infrastructure to flooding, all vulnerable to more damages in a future climate in particular bridges and culverts,and need to upsize more extreme than today's. Hampden has particularly old stormwater More interruptions to the public transportation infrastructure and it has prevented some business schedule could cause issues for people who rely on it from wanting to locate in the area,which is hard given to access essential goods and services. they want to attract more business Emphasis was placed on being able to prioritize which . Orono highlighted issue with residents not wanting assets&vulnerabilities should be addressed first. change or too much development and need to align their priorities with development plans Traffic and transportation infrastructure needs more redundancy DOT rep highlighted need for better coordination between DOT and municipalities,in particular when it Bangor has no designated location for emergencies comes to stormwater capable of housing and caring for large quantities of people.This may be something to address in the event of a crisis in the future. Similar conversation about need to update infrastructure to deal with future rain events,and Maine may see an influx of heat refugees or simply update older roads people seeking a moderate climate and less natural hazards(climate refugees).It may be wise to develop a Some projects have had maintenance deferred,for plan so that the City is prepared if such a population example in Orrington,which is an issue boom were to occur. Suggestion that town need to have the DOT and DEP . Also,it was suggested that changes should be engineering standards updated to align with the systemic,addressing vulnerabilities and issues at their needed design changes root.For example,minimizing motor vehicle traffic by 76/Appendices • : r / ' implementing new alternative transportation support much outside of the city unless they have a infrastructure and making Bangor more walkable.This special grant could reduce traffic,road wear and tear,and emissions simultaneously. Bangor and Orono Land Trusts(9/23/22) . One of the biggest concerns was simply that it is F The Land Trusts have conservation as their primary difficult to predict how long new infrastructure will objective,however the public often views the areas as last.There is a sense that everything must be almost recreational.This works fine as it is a way for the public overbuilt to accommodate more extreme weather and to connect with conservation through recreation. ensure infrastructure lasts as long as it used ta F Risks mentioned indude flooding,wind downing trees and invasive species. Bangor Public Health Department(9/23/22) They are starting to plan for the future with flood Vulnerable people they work with indude low-income, plans,as well as working to conserve more contiguous uninsured,house-bound,unhoused land . Increase in new diseases such as Lyme disease can hit , Both presidents see the land trusts as a potential uninsured since they don't go to regular preventative launching point for climate change communication and care visits and just visit the clinics conversation with the community,and they would like Power outages and high heat days—public health to be involved in this. department DOES set up shelters and cooling areas, but are designed for 1-2 days and not more AgYiCultuYe/UMaine Extension(9/26/22) . Power outages leave some vulnerable,induding those � B�ggest change she has seen is longer dry periods and in apartments in Bangor.Sometimes landlords register more drought.More farmers are needing to add as one address/bill with Versant so the power irrigation,and more will need to do so. companies don't know it has many residents and don't You can't'paint the region with a broad brush'when see the building as a priority unless the PH team alerts looking at climate impacts to farms,there are too them many microclimates and variation in topography.So Suggest that public health needs to work with the city each farm needs to consider the risks of their site,and to incentive landlords to add cooling as well as better work with advisors to plan. insulate houses/apartment buildings Farmers have also adapted,and those that want to Bangor is the only public health department in the continue farming will continue to do so. area,so they do get calls from all over,but can't 77/Appendices • : r / ' Northern Light Health(9/27/22) o They are more vulnerable to health Northern Light is a very large healthcare network,the complications associated with high heat 2^d largest in the state.We tried to focus on their days,icy conditions,etc. facilities in the Bangor region. o They may be isolated in their homes for They strive to provide a continuum of care and have a longer periods of time or more frequently if very integrated system with many parts. they have concerns about going outside They have a working group on Climate because of the weather. Change/Resilience which is made up of o They are also at greater risk of experiencing interested/volunteer staff people from across the emergencies or health issues during power organization. Everyone in the interview is a member of outages caused by more frequent extreme this group storms . The hospitals depend on the infrastructure of the o They may struggle to afford and install air surrounding area—including roads,power, conditioners and generators on their own telecommunications,public transport F Many elderly Mainers will often refuse assistance or Hospital needs to have complete redundancy in their resources because they feel that somebody else needs systems,and they are continuing to work on building aid more than they do. and maintaining that F Also,because most communication is digital now, . They think of their assets in three categories—space, many seniors are unaware of the assistance available staff and stuff to them.Print media is still essential to communication Need the time and money to prepare for changing with elderly people. dimate challenges Lack of community involvement and interaction can . They have observed some changes,induding increase decrease public visibility of the struggles faced by in homelessness,behavioral health issues,increased elderly people. flooding on riverbanks affecting the homeless,vector- Fostering a sense of community encourages neighborly borne diseases,high-heat related admissions deeds and inter-reliance between community members.This can be especially helpful to seniors in Community Members/Focus on Aging(9/28/22) need and can make a municipality more resilient . Elderly community members may also be overall. disproportionately affected by increasingly extreme There were many concerns over the lack of affordable weather events. housing in the region for both seniors and the public 78/Appendices • : r / ' more broadly. climate change. . The interviewees suggested encouraging intra- . Climate hazards,risks,and challenges must be properly neighborhood communication through simple communicated to the public so that they can prepare measures like building front porches. for emergencies on an individual level too. . Additionally,they suggested minimizing exposure to the elements for all community members by ensuring Town of Orono(10/5/22) that there are adequate street trees for shade. The largest concern is aging drainage&stormwater infrastructure.Even if climate change weren't County Emergency Management(9/30/22) occurring,the current infrastructure would struggle to Although most communication is faster now than ever, manage stormwater during heavy precipitation there is increasingly less time to prepare for weather events. events because storm systems are more erratic and . The town of Orono relies heavily on sub-terraneous more difficult to predict(in terms of both severity and stormwater systems that are quite old(turn of the 20th trajectory).This is a problem that is especially century.)In contrast,more rural municipalities tend to prevalent for Maine because of the way the jet stream rely on ditches and above ground systems. behaves at this latitude. With more intense and frequent precipitation on the However,climate projections are better than ever. horizon,this infrastructure must be replaced to Communities need to continue developing prevent damage to assets and safety issues. comprehensive plans to address climate change and Stormwater infrastructure that cannot manage the severe weather events based on the best available amount of water that it receives can not only result in data. damage to other assets,but the stormwater Facilities and buildings are often old,out of date,or infrastructure itself can be damaged. inefficient.Such assets must be updated so that they There are also concerns about how drought may affect are no longer vulnerabilities. the town's response to emergencies.When a drought . In order minimize impacts during emergencies,it is does occur,the Penobscot River is swiftly affected.The essential that communities increase redundancy of all lower water levels during a drought can lead to issues basic systems.Everything either needs to have a with launching boats and obstacles for the swift water backup or a failsafe. rescue team during emergencies. . Access to capital is the biggest obstacle that practically . Power outages are increasingly becoming an issue. every community must overcome in order to adapt to When a storm downs powerlines or trees,the 79/Appendices • : r / ' emergency department is quickly overwhelmed replace it.However,there is other electrical because they must ensure that all of the fallen trees infrastructure in need of being upgraded and power lines are managed properly to prevent o The campus electricity supply is via on two further injury. different electrical substations.1/3 of the The emergency department is not equipped to handle campus is fed power via the Orono live wires.So,they can only block off areas around substation.So,if Orono loses power,1/3 of them and wait for the electricity provider to fix it. the UMaine campus also does. . Flooding is less common in Orono now than it once o Some campus fuel is delivered via truck. was(prior to the removal of the Veazie dam),but it still Because the campus is on an island,there does occur on some roads and poses safety concerns. are limited points of entry:3 bridges to be There is also no designated emergency shelter location exact.One of which is load limited and in Orono,which may be an issue in the event of a crisis cannot handle the weight of large fuel in the future.However,Orono emergency trucks. management has set up heating and cooling centers . At any given time on campus millions,if not billions of previously on the UMaine campus. dollars of research are occurring.UMaine also houses countless pieces of highly specialized and sensitive University of Maine(10/5/22) equipment,volumes of data,and priceless resources . Aging utility infrastructure seemed to be the primary (such as sediment cores and Antarctic ice cores)which concern of all of the interviewees. are all at risk of being damaged during power More than 50%of UMaine's infrastructure has a outages. renovation age of 50+years old. It is not well- , Some assets have their own backup systems.These are equipped for climatic changes. not necessarily widespread. . Some specific vulnerabilities are: , Although new buildings and housing are needed,they o The steam plant which supplies�90%of the place even more strain on the campus electrical grid campus'buildings with heat is at risk of and other utility systems. flooding.There is a plan to expand the So,the campus'utility infrastructure must be upgraded steam plant and move vulnerable all around to accommodate the growth. components out of harm's way The biggest barrier to adaptation is access to capital, o The Orono substation is essentially at its time,and staff. maximum capacity.There is a plan to 80/Appendices • : r / ' Unhoused Residents/Community Housing of Maine economy (10�6�22) F Interviewees shared that they think the MDIFW needs We spoke with two adults who are living in a to do more with habitat conservation if we are going to transitional subsidized apartment building owned by successful in saving these fish species,citing some Community Housing of Maine,and who have been other models and partnership ideas. homeless for significant periods of time Other important recreation indudes paddling,and Many people who are unhoused or in and out of cross-country skiing,both of which are also vulnerable housing have overlapping issues including health to changing climate. problems,being overweight,being old,and not being Bangor airport and the city of Bangor are the key very mobile.Many also have some mental health launch point for all recreation in northern Maine,as challenge—sometimes exacerbated by drug use or well as the norther coast(Acadia NP and surrounding addiction.This makes them particularly vulnerable. area).This means that any decline in this tourism will Indoor and group shelter set-ups are a challenge for hit the whole economy here. many homeless,given the above.Many do not want to be around others for any long period of time. BangoY SChool DistYiCt(10/14/22) Suggestions induded more outdoor or private heating Bangor schools are strong in many areas,induding and cooling when possible. STEM,and made some improvements to student tech during/post pandemic. Also more outdoor drinking water Heat-Many older buildings that don't have AC; . Increases in cost of living and cost of housing/building Holding summer practices in early morning/late materials are hitting both the low-income/homeless, evening to avoid heat. as well as the agencies trying to support them. Schools are also vulnerable to power outages. Outdoor Recreation(10/7/22) Transportation—construction on roads within Bangor Warming temperatures have a big impact on fish increases travel time,and some students travel from species and fish health.In particular as river waters further away to attend Bangor schools so need roads warm,and changes in snow melt influences river to be in good condition flow. Provide free meals for all students—can't rely on Both Atlantic Salmon and Brook Trout are unique to consistent supply chain;have to change menus Maine,are vulnerable to changing dimate,and are a Cost of construction is going up and contractor are in very important aspect of Maine's outdoor recreation demand so time to complete projects is getting longer 8�./Appendices . . . December 2022 "�9��". �'%/ � �%�� ''' i��i�,; i� ,,,,,,,, , ��i, :��% ; , �%� �i�: %///%i ,/� ;�� „ U , � �% �f% ��%i �% �` „% , ,�, %/j; �:��..�. /,'%% �,�%�� i�� ,��, �� f �� ii�/% "'ii%/" ��;� d , � ,��%,�„ �� / // %/ 7 . .r i i v�.r i%��/' �� p�J�� I �'��f� �� /�� '�" l � F' ��ii � �M � �� r � � � �i � �� '�� . � . i � / ��, 6�� 7 � �,' / �irrr � ��"�r i„��i/ � Mp;� � .� / � : �ii if � � �/ � � �ii � i ,. d �.� � ul/ ��G' � ,.��<G' , �v ul/ , �v,,,� Tableof Contents................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 3 Regional Inventory Results.................................................................................................. 4 5ummary.....................................................................................................................................4 Buildings......................................................................................................................................9 Transportation...........................................................................................................................10 Waste.........................................................................................................................................12 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use ...............................................................................13 Methodology.........................................................................................................................15 Uncertainty................................................................................................................................15 CitywideProtocol.......................................................................................................................15 Greenhouse Gases Included....................................................................................................17 5tationary5ources....................................................................................................................18 Mobile5ources.........................................................................................................................21 Wasteand Wastewater............................................................................................................22 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use ...............................................................................26 � lv��1'1 d��lu��l, u As part of the scope for developing Penobscot Climate Action, Integral Group was tasked with developing a baseline regional greenhouse gas(GHG) inventory for the Bangor Area Comprehensive Transportation System (BACTS) metropolitan planning area.This region includes eleven communities: Bangor, Bradley, Brewer, Hampden, Hermon, Milford, Old Town, Orono(including the University of Maine campus), Orrington, Penobscot Indian Island,and Veazie. Individual communities and City Operations Inventories were not within the scope of the project,so individual communities and municipal operational emissions are not broken out in this memo. 2019 was chosen as the baseline inventory year and represents the first baseline for GHG emissions for the Penobscot Climate Action region. Due to the impacts of the global Covid-19 pandemic, both 2020 and 2021 usage are generally not representative of future emissions trends, especially from transportation; 2019 provides a more realistic and comparable baseline for future planning. The regional inventory follows the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories(GPC).1 The inventory was compiled and submitted usingthe City Inventory Reporting and Information System (CIRIS)tool from C40 Cities.2 GHG inventories are generally divided into "scopes" 1, 2, and 3, as shown in Figure 1. • Scope 1:All emissions within the ,........ ......... ......... ..... ...,,� Cit . Y .�� . � .�� • Scope 2: Emissions ub� -> yti�, occurring as a result tu� ��a� �� V,F ��,�� a , ,�.,. ,� ,, ofgrid-supplied , �� r., �,� � << �� electricity consumed ` ," ,,"�" �,��J)b� ... ..... �, .,,,,„�., WItr11Y1 �ilty. � �m�,py�� ini,,,c��n^; • Scope 3: Other ,��rw„��, �;„��s,,��:'.� � 4Ntl�'Ri r,n�h� v,n �� emissions occurring �,,�,� �� OUtSld2 th2 umuumum � t<<a�;,a�� a ��,�r��rrc ��arrt, ,�o k '- i � .(i�.tuf, _in iulu ul "�p � �III.J '�r boundariesofthe , �� i�s city as a result of ''` +��""' � �� ,�"�� <<,.�� r��.,,�,�,��-�t�,.��, � activities taking �<<r� �� rV� place within the City. ......... ......... ........, ......... ........ i.7n �,r,v,.n , . GPC-compliant inventories generally follow the "BASIC" or "BASIC+" approach;this inventory 1 GHG Protocol,Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories(GPC) Washington, DC:World Resources Institute. https://ghgprotocol.org/greenhouse-gas-protocol- accou nting-reporti ng-standard-cities 2 C40 Cities. Reporting GHG emissions inventories https://resourcecentre.c40.org/resources/reporting- ghg-emissions-i nventories 3 uses a hybrid approach.The inventory includes all Scope 1 and 2 emissions sources, including all the BASIC sources, but also Scope 1 emissions from Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) in order to provide a stronger foundation for future sequestration action planning. In addition, Scope 3 emissions from electricity transmission and distribution are included.All waste was processed in within the region in 2019,so waste emissions were a Scope 1 source in 2019. Other Scope 3 emissions, including out-of-boundary transportation and indirect supply chain emissions,are excluded. Further details on the approach are found in the Citywide Protocol section of the methodology,which follows the regional inventory resu Its. ,//t, i j % ' /,,, � % ' //,,, , � , ;. u �� o�, ,l� .',;,� � d , � s u�� , u v ,l, ,�� u�� ,� ;/ u >,�e ��"°��I[�Y�1�I[�Y�°Y�4.��I{�'`� The overall output of data from the CIRIS tool for the Penobscot Climate Action region for 2019 is shown in Table 1 and in Figure 2. Note that totals shown in these,and future tables, may differ from the sum of the rows due to rounding. Overall,the region was responsible for 1,036,402 tons of greenhouse gas emissions, measured in metric tons Carbon Dioxide Equivalents(MTCOze). VII �i�rla" IF��II�� II IIIIII�IIIIIIIIIIIIII � � Illllli .�� IIIII ..... .... IIIII�IIII IIIIII IIIIII IIII IIIIIII iliii� � 6..�� ,w I -� �� ' nWi�d��"��4rrw i�m i m� �, �7�k,�� i��,44`� 7,iC�2 �� IIIIIIII �� m 34�,7��. �� __ _____ _____ ____. �� ,��a� __ _____ _____ _ ___ _____ _____ ___. �� __ _____ _____ _ ___ _____ _____ ___. ��iuui 4�,�.�� ... ..., ____,_._._._._____,_._._._._____._._._,._____,_._._._.______._._._._,_____._,_._._. ____,_._._._._____,_._._._._._._._. ° �� - r �?�)�� IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII�IIIIIIIIIIIII II ��rrrU� �� ,��,��z �� Ilu�i��u�*��w�� uu�a:ll'ii��i�Wuµ*w IIIIIII I I ;�� ,� Illlllilllli�llllllllllllll IIIIIIIIIIIII .... �� .... .... .�'�� .... .... 4 I . I I I r Sector Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total GHG Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions (MTCOze) (MTCO�e) (MTCOze) (MTCO�e) Buildings 470,633 149,448 7,622 627,703 Transportation 345,700 345,700 Waste 16,164 16,164 AFOLU 46,835 - - 46,835 BACTS Region 879,332 149,448 7,622 1,036,402 On a per capita basis,this is 13.5 tons per resident.This compares favorably to the US National average of 20.7 tons per resident, due in large part to the low emissions intensity of the regional electricity grid (ISO-NE). However, it is more emissions intensive than other larger Northeast cities,such as Portland and Boston. In general,this difference reflects the greater demand for heating fuels, particularly fuel oil,and a greater reliance on personal cars rather than public transit. Figure 3 shows a comparison of the per capita GHG emissions in the Penobscot Climate Action region among peers and within the national and global context. IF��ir ��ii�.� ��I�N�� I�inrdii��ii�ir�� (II�...��} U� IW��:icar��l l��r��;� �lIII�IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 20,7 I��car��rr7cau�:�r, IWII-II �IIII�IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 19,6 f��ir�� IIII�IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 18,0 �cau�:�r I��car�l�r�r�, f�lf= �IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 13,8 F�l��W�� F��;icar� %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%//%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%/,////%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%///i 13,5 I��car�l�r�r�, f�If= �IIII�IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 12,6 F�ca��:car�, f�l� �IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 9,0 C�Icar��l l��r��;� �IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 4,5 G7.G7 �.G7 :.1_G7.G7 :.1_�.G7 �G7.G7 ��.G7 Greenhouse gas emissions can be looked at by source or by sector;sources are the fuels and waste decomposition that produces greenhouse gas emissions,while sectors are different portions of the economy. 5 Overall,the use of electricity, natural gas,and fuel oil in buildings is the main driver of the region's GHG footprint, with buildings being responsible for 60.6%of regional GHG emissions. Mobile sources within regional boundaries,such as cars and trucks,are responsible for 33.4%.Agriculture, Forestry and other Land Use(AFOLU)sources,such as livestock and land use changes,are responsible for 4.5%. Lastly,the disposal of solid waste and processing of wastewater is responsible for the remaining 1.6%. If�� IF��ii�i�� :.�..� �II�� 11�=:ir��ii��ii�i�� I�y ��i�� (�/,� 1�°e�� fo f�, % ��°e f ��, � o �� f��sic��r7t.i��I ��uilc�ir7�;s �� ,,,,.:3�� ■ C�arr�rr��rci��l ��uilc�ir7�;s �� %� ,//�� ° Ir7c��ustri��l ��uilc�ir7�;s ��9'0 �� C'9r7 f�a��c� �f�r��r7sryarl.��t.iar7 ■ C'9tf-f�aG�c� �f�rG�r7sryart.G�t.iar7 J uuuu „�yC7IIC� `1�/G�SI.� J uuuu `1�/G�:a�.�WG��.�Y ��%li oni �.....I`✓�.:a'�.QC�� iioi iiiii�j c uuuu �.....��I'1C� �S� ��'��I'1��5 5°fo �6�°e I . I I r I I r Sector Energy Use 96 of GHG 96 of GHG (MMBTU) Energy Emissions Emissions Use (MTCO�e) Buildings 9,916,185 67.2% 627,703 60.6% Residential Buildings 4,494,876 30.5% 310,736 30.0% Commercial Buildings 4,464,504 30.3% 266,146 25.7% Industrial Buildings 956,806 6.5% 50,820 4.9% Transportation 4,833,477 32.8% 345,700 33.4% On-Road Transportation 4,811,322 32.6% 344,100 33.2% Off-Road Transportation 22,155 0.2% 1,600 0.2% Waste - 0% 16,164 1.6% Solid Waste - 0% 8,301 0.8% Wastewater - 0% 7,864 0.8% AFOLU - 0% 46,836 4.5% 6 I . I I r I I r Sector Energy Use %of GHG 96 of GHG (MMBTU) Energy Emissions Emissions Use (MTCO�e) Livestock - 0% 18,782 1.8% Land Use Changes - 0% 28,054 2.7% BACTS Region Total 14,749,662 100% 1,036,403 100.0% I . I $, �, I I r Sector COz emissions CH4 Emi�ions Nz0 Emi�ions Tot�l GHG (MTCOae) (MTCOae) (MTCOae) Ernissions (MTCO�e) Buildings 625,128 1,085 1,489 627,703 Transportation 343,112 634 1,954 345,700 Waste 791 6,071 1,794 16,164 AFOLU - - - 46,835 BACTS Region 969,031 7,790 5,237 1,036,402 Note that in Table 3,the total GHG emissions are larger than the sum of the gas-specific emissions, due to some emissions being reported only as total carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCOze). Within buildings, most residential emissions come from fuel oil,while most commercial emissions come from natural gas; both sources outweigh the emissions from electricity. If�� IF��ii�i�� :.�..� �II�� 11�=:ir��ii��ii�i�� I�y ��ui�� (�/,� 1�fo�,,, ��°e ��° 9.596 �t If.l�c:�.ric:i�.y .., 7� �;;,; �� IW��:u r�l C�� IF u�I �i I ��u� I��rc��p�r�� 79'0 ■ C��calir�� ..,.�� 1� uuuiu I..�I�� iiiii�(b�IC� �Y/e��s$:� g �4. �4/e��S$.�W e�$.�I` f� f�t�iA�iila ,if9iiill �I � �� u, a � h ��....I�O��S$.C"�G� �9'0� F �� II....�r�cR U�� r�r�� 24� 7 I . I r I I r Fuel Activity Data Site Energy % GHG 96 (Variable Units) Consumption Energy Emissions Emissions (MMBTU) (MTCO2e) Electricity 667,347,965 2,276,991 16% 157,070 15% kWh Natural Gas 41,511,470 4,151,147 28% 220,486 21% Therms Fuel Oil 24,183,209 Gal 3,361,466 23% 246,129 24% Propane/Kerosene 113,641 Gal 10,455 0.1% 665 0% Gasoline 32,250,267 Gal 3,870,032 26% 274,191 26% Diesel 6,931,259 Gal 963,445 7% 71,509 7% Solid Waste 26,183 Tonnes - 8,301 1% Wastewater _ - 7,864 1% Livestock 10,002 Head - 18,782 2% Land Use Changes 10.457 ha - 28,054 3% Total 14,633,536 100% 1,033,050 100% Note that total emissions reported in these tables may be slightly different than those reported for the regional inventory due to differences in how some of the data is reported by fuel source and emissions category. I . I a, �, I I I Fuel C0� CHa N�0 Tot�l GHG emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions MTCOze MTCO�e MTCO�e MTCO�e Diesel 71,282 79 149 71,509 Electricity 155,541 686 843 157,070 FuelOil 245,323 278 527 246,129 Gasoline 271,830 555 1,805 274,191 Natural Gas 220,260 117 110 220,486 Solid Waste 791 1 3 8,301 Wastewater - 6,070 1,794 7,864 Livestock - - - 18,782 Land Use - - - 28,054 Changes Total 965,027 7,786 5,231 1,032,386 8 III";�(�u�i�Il��ii i�r,i��a,�� 60.6%of the region's GHG emissions footprint is attributable to energy use in buildings,with a total of 627,703 metric tons COze. Building GHG data was computed from a combination of regional electricity and natural gas consumption information,and estimated use of other fuels. Fuel oil use was modeled using the methodology described in the Stationary Sources section of the Methodology.Some direct No. 6 fuel oil, propane,and kerosene use data was provided by the University of Maine;all other fuel oil use was estimated and was assumed to be No.2 fuel oil. In practice, other grades of fuel oil may also be in use in commercial or industrial buildings,and some residential or small commercial buildings may use propane or kerosene in place of fuel oil;these fuels have sufficiently similar emissions intensities to be grouped together.Wood use for heating is excluded from the inventory as the GPC considers a "biogenic" source and treats emissions from wood combustion as carbon neutral (this is admittedly a highly contested position, but we have opted to align with global reporting protocols). I . I r r II I r Energy Buildin�Sector Site Energy(MMBTU) GHG Emi�ions Source (MTCOae) Single Family 552,509 38,113 Electric Multifamily 147,069 10,145 Commercial Industrial 1,577,413 108,812 Single Family 488,241 25,933 Gas Multifamily 294,020 15,617 Commercial 2,412,080 128,116 Industrial 956,806 50,820 Single Family 2,510,885 186,315 Fuel Oil and Propane Multifamily 466,473 34,614 Commercial 394,563 29,218 All Total 9,800,059 627,703 9 �ii�� 11�=:i��i��y V�� I�y 11�=:i��i��y ��u.0 i�� (II�II�If��V�� I,DV� —�p�7�T1�T1�0'GV�3� IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 394,563 I,DV� — IVdl.A�lVft;lu�YlV�y IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 466,473 l,D V� —�Z V Pl��; Ft;l u�Yl V�y IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII�VV�NW�IHiI�IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII�VV�NW�IHiI�IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII�VV�NW�IHiI�IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII�VV�NW�IHiI�IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII� 2,510,885 r�r-`[��—IP1C�l.A�11�V[�� IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII�VVV�'M�NNiYiI�IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 956,806 r�r-`[�.��—�pC7V"YIV"YI�O'GV�3� IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII�VVVV�NNNiYi�IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII�VVVV�NNNiYi�IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII�VVVV�NNNiYi�IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII�VVVV�NNNiYi�lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 2,412,080 r�r-`[��— IVdl.A�lVft;lu�YlV�y IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 294,020 r�r-"[��—�ZpPI��; f=t;1p�Y1p�y IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 488,241 F��;ct�oc. lo�r�c.a�t�o�� F...��G10'VG—�pC7V"YIV"YI�O'GV[�� IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII�VV�NW�IHiI�IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII�VV�NW�IHiI�IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIVI�W 1,577,413 F...��;G10'VG— IVdl.A�lVft;lu�YlV�y IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 147,069 F...��G10'VG—�ZVPI�II�; Ft;1u�YIV�y IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIVI� 552,509 _ SfJfJ,fJCJfJ '�,fJCJfJ,fJfJCJ '�,SfJfJ,fJfJCJ T,fJCJfJ,fJfJCJ T,SfJfJ,fJfJCJ 3,fJCJfJ,fJfJCJ ��ii�i��i��y 11��=:ir��ii��ii�i�� I�y 11��=:i��i��y ��u.ui�� (II��"�� I,DV� —�p�7u�YIu�Y1�0'GV�3� Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllf 29,218 (�o� . IVd c.a�t ofs;��n o�y uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuui 34,�14 S _._ f'DV� —�`VPl � f s u�YIV� Illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllf 186 315 , "� ��, 1 y � r�r-`[��—IP1C�l.A�11�V[�� IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 50,820 �i�-`[�.�r—�;C)p"Y1p"Y1�0'Gp�3� IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 128,116 �[��. IVd c.a�t ofs;��n o�y uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu 15,�17 r�r-"[�� —�ZpPI��; f=t;1p�Y1p�y IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 25,933 F��ct�oc. lo�r�c.a�t�o�� - F...��G10'OG—�pC7V"YIV"YI�O'GO[�� IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 108,812 F...��;G10'VG— IVdl.A�lVft;lu�YlV�y IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 10,145 F��ct�oc. �oo��;ll�; Fs;��no�y uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu 3g,113 - �rJ,rJrJCJ arJ,rJrJCJ ��rJ,rJCJrJ ��rJ,rJCJrJ �rJrJ,rJCJrJ °°I�°�I�4�I[It°��,��ro��IP 4'4��"�Il��I�°'6 Transportation is responsible for 345,700 MTCOze,or about 33.4%of the region's GHG footprint.Transportation GHG emissions for the Penobscot Climate Action region were estimated for all on-road and off-road transportation occurring within regional boundaries. Data was provided by the State Department of Transportation for total Vehicle Miles Traveled 10 within regional boundaries,and the types and model years of vehicles registered in the region; on-road GHG emissions were estimated from this data as described in the Mobile Sources section of the Methodology. Gasoline and Diesel fuel economies were weighted based on the makeup of vehicle types registered in the region,as shown in Figure 8. Off-road transportation data was provided by Bangor International Airport and the University of Maine for ground vehicles used at the airport and University of Maine campus.As discussed in the Methodology,air travel was not included in the inventory. Emissions from boats and trains was not available and was considered negligible. II��Ik��u�� Ir�ii�,II�� ...�.Y I�� If��ii��.��ir��' ii ir� If��ii�ir� �� u u� �. � Trucks .7 �J��,,,� Li t u � Trucks 9.�.0°� ' < �� ,,� � �� Passenger � Trucks 50.396 � Passenger ��„ �� '/ % �//�i�, . / Ca rs 33.596 � , � ;;,j�/�i�� /� / �/ / ///////////////////////// /// .,, ..... .��i��i��i��ii�i�� i�� II�� 11��=:ir��ii��ii�i�� (II��"�� (aff-�2c��d Vc:�hic;lc:�s llsin��x(��sc�lin�c:� 933 (aff-�2c��d Vc:�hic;lc:�s llsin��x I�ic:�sc:�l 667 ��!!�� 273,25 (anr�2��d Vc�hic;lc�s llsin��x(��s�lin�c� 8 (anr�2��d Vc�hic;lc�s llsin��x I�ic�sc�l 70,842 rJ SrJrJCJrJ �rJrJCJrJCJ �SrJCJrJCJ �rJrJCJrJCJ �SrJCJrJCJ �jrJrJCJrJCJ 11 �II�� 11�=:ir��ii��ii�i�� I�y V�II�ii�Il� ��y�� (II��"�� P��n er��r� %O/%//////�/ 14� �r / P Tru k�� / i� 49.% � , ////aaaaaaaaiaaaai Li�t�ut,yTruck� ��%jj / `�� %%%%%/:.. �. ��U� Trucbc� �1�/ ��d��a:"�9;°:'�i�'��`�:A� The waste sector is responsible for 16,164 MTCOze of GHG emissions, or 1.6%of the Penobscot Climate Action region's GHG footprint. For the purpose of this inventory, all solid waste was assumed to be landfilled at the Juniper Ridge Landfill due to the landscape of waste collection and disposal in the region during the inventory year of 2019. No waste characterization study was available for the region,so quantities of different categories of solid waste were estimated based on the 2011 Maine Residential Waste Characterization Study3. Baseline waste management emissions were then calculated using the EPA Waste Reduction Model (WARM)tool4.The unique waste situation of the 2019 inventory year and the methodologies for estimating solid waste and landfill gas emissions attributable to the region are described in more detail in the Waste and Wastewater section of the Methodology. Wastewater emissions listed here are estimated process emissions from the breakdown of wastewater;the energy used for processing wastewater is captured within the buildings sector, under industrial energy use.There were no regional or city-specific organic waste programs(e.g., composting or anaerobic digestion) reported,although the UMaine campus does have a large-scale composter that handled an estimated 530 metric tons of organic cafeteria and grounds waste during the 2019 inventory year. This composted waste was 3 The University of Maine.2011 Maine Residential Waste Characterization Study. https://u mai ne.ed u/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/04/2011-Mai ne-Residential-Waste- Characterization-Studv.pdf 4 US EPA,Waste Reduction Model. https://www.epa.�ov/warm 12 included in the calculations of baseline waste management emissions.Tons of waste by source are included in the Methodology section. �� i�� II�� 11�=:ir��ii��ii�i�� (II�� vV�stc:�w�tc�r 7,864 c�c�lid Vtl�stc� 7,506 IL�n�dfill (��s 795 rJ �rJrJCJ �rJrJCJ �jrJrJCJ �rJrJCJ SrJrJCJ ��rJrJCJ �rJrJCJ arJrJCJ ��rJrJCJ ��,i[�i��. ��IV��i[��.��, III ��i[��;:��i[�� 4�.�i[i�� ':��Il Y��.A i� III��.4.�i[i�� I��II a��.�� Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use(AFOLU) is not included in the GPC BASIC inventory approach but is a requirement of BASIC+and was included in the hybrid approach of this regional inventory due to the importance of this sector to the Penobscot Climate Action region.A more detailed description of this hybrid approach is included in the Citywide Protocol section of the Methodology.Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use is responsible for 46,836 MTCOze of GHG emissions, or about 4.5%of the region's GHG footprint. About 40%of AFOLU emissions come from livestock in the region,and the vast majority of this figure is attributable to emissions from cattle. Livestock emissions were estimated based on the 2017 Census of Agriculture County Profile for Penobscot County5.About 60%of AFOLU emissions come from land use changes in the region.These emissions were calculated using the ICLEI US Community Protocol's Land Emissions And Removals Navigator(LEARN)tool6. This methodology is described in more detail in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use section of the Methodology, including total heads of livestock by type. 5 US Department of Agriculture,2017 Census of Agriculture, County Profile, Penobscot County Maine. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Onl ine_Resources/Cou nty_Profi les/Mai ne/c p23019.pdf 6 ICLEI, LEARN Tool. https://icleiusa.org/tools/learn/ 13 The LEARN tool accounts for both emissions(e.g., resulting from deforestation)and removals or carbon sequestration (e.g., resulting from reforestation).The total annual carbon sequestration of undisturbed forest in the Penobscot Climate Action region is equal to 313,547 MTCOze/year,from 53,474 hectares of forest land,which vastly outweighs any emissions associated with livestock and land use changes. In comparison to some of the largest emissions sources,the sequestration effect of forest in the area balances out roughly 90%of the GHG emissions associated with the transportation sector. While it is important to recognize the positive contribution of forest carbon sequestration (i.e., the removal of carbon from the atmosphere),the removals of carbon associated with undisturbed forest were not included in the regional inventory of GHG emissions.This decision was made in order to focus on the impact of emissions sources in the region and is consistent with the Maine State Emissions Inventory. Reporting the magnitude of carbon forest sequestration in tandem with this regional inventory, however, is valuable for informing future land use decisions, particularly around the conservation of forests. �� " �� -313 547 '" ��%%%%////%%%%%/////////��%%%////��%%%%%%%/��///�iijiiii ��/�//%%%%%%%%%%%/%%/�/��%//��//��%��/i�i��i F�no��or.�o��f�r.��n �[�o�r� c.a��;c;��[�o�� 28,054 F�no��ir.�o��f�r.��n �fiv��tr.�Glk IIIIIIIIIII11�� 18,782 VU1111U -�jSrJ,rJCJrJ -�jrJrJ,rJCJrJ -�SrJ,rJCJrJ -�rJrJ,rJCJrJ -�SrJ,rJCJrJ -�rJrJ,rJCJrJ -SrJ,rJrJCJ rJ SrJ,rJCJrJ 14 / // 1 �I e. � ,//i,i�� .ii r v <ri��i%I �ri�.r,��/��ii//: � I�uul!I{II V V�I��Nii Q��i I{I{II Nii�' The inventory is compiled using measured data, projections, models,and,where data is unavailable, best estimates.The inventory can be regularly revised as new and better data become available,as models are improved,and as international standards and guidance evolve. For these reasons, longer-term trends are likely to prove more reliable than absolute numbers or year-to-year changes. The greatest area of uncertainty in the inventory is the estimate for fuel oil consumption. ��I��i�� III��i�� IV The regional inventory follows the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories(GPC)'developed by the World Resources Institute. The inventory was compiled and submitted using the City Inventory Reporting and Information System (CIRIS) tool from C40 Cities8,version 2.5,which is compliant with the Global Covenant of Mayors Common Reporting Framework(CRF)9,a framework followed by many cities globally, including Portland, Maine. GPC-compliant inventories usually follow the "BASIC" or "BASIC+" approach, which largely differ in the extent of Scope 3 emissions included.Table 7 shows the major sources included in the GPC—BASIC inventories include only sources with blue cells,while BASIC+ inventories include both blue and red cells. It was decided by BACTS and the consultant team to use the BASIC approach to GPC,with some modifications that align the inventory better with elements that the participating communities can control. BASIC includes all scope 1 and 2 emissions,as well as the scope 3 out-of-boundary waste and wastewater emissions. Certain elements of the GPC BASIC+ methodology were included in the inventory based on availability of data and topics of interest to the region.These included emissions from electricity lost in transmission and emissions from livestock and land use changes. Compared to many cities using the GPC,the Penobscot Climate Action region encompasses many rural areas with farms, pasturelands,forests,and other green spaces that have seen significant changes over the past decades. It was 7 GHG Protocol,Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories(GPC) Washington, DC:World Resources Institute. https://ghgprotocol.org/greenhouse-gas-protocol- accou nting-reporting-standard-cities 8 C40 Cities. Reporting GHG emissions inventories https://resourcecentre.c40.org/resources/reporting- ghg-emissions-i nventories 9 Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy.Global Common Reporting Framework. https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/ou r-i nitiatives/data4cities/common-global-reporti ng- framework/ 15 therefore valuable to the team to reflect the emissions -and carbon removals - resulting from these elements of the region. Conversely,two major sources of emissions commonly included in BASIC+ inventories were excluded from the regional inventory: emissions from transboundary transportation,and emissions from Industrial Processes and Product Use(IPPU).Transboundary transportation is considered a Scope 3 source,and includes ground travel and air travel of residents of the region beyond regional borders.These emissions are very difficult to exert any influence on at the local government level,yet can be quite substantial in aggregate. Most communities in Maine exclude these sources,and we recommend the Penobscot Climate Action Communities continue to do so. IPPU emissions are generally estimated based on national studies,and may have little relationship with actual industrial processes occurring in the community.As little data was available on industrial activity locally,and national estimates do not provide significant value, IPPU emissions were excluded from the inventory. However,as the region collects better data on local industrial activity, including these sources may become valuable. I I I r Sectors and sub-sectors Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 STATIONARY ENERGY Residential buildings � � � Commercial and institutional buildings and � � � facilities Manufacturing industries and construction � � � Energy industries � � � Agriculture,forestry,and fishing activities � � � Non-specified sources Not Available Not Available Not Available �" TRANSPORTATION On-road � � X Railways Not Available Not Available x Waterborne navigation N/A N/A X Aviation � � x Off-road � � WASTE Disposal of solid waste generated in the city � � Biological treatment of waste � � Incineration and open burning of waste N/A N/A Wastewater generated in the city � � INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE(IPPU) Industrial processes X Product use X AGRICULTURE, FORESTRYAND OTHER LAND USE(AFOLU) Livestock � Land � Aggregate sources and non-COz emission Not Available" sources on land ✓ =Included in BACTS Region 2019 Inventory � BASIC-blue cells � BASIC+ =red Cells 16 ��i[��A�.A i[i�I�°�Y��.U�.�� a 4�o-��:�a� III iE i��s Il��'� The inventory quantified three of the six internationally recognized GHGs, including carbon dioxide(COz), methane(CH4),and nitrous oxide(Nz0). Data for fugitive Nz0 emissions from healthcare facilities were not available at the time of the inventory,so these emissions,which are assumed to be minimal,were excluded from the regional inventory. Data on emissions of the other three internationally recognized groups of GHGs-hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs), perFluorocarbons(PFCs),and sulfur hexafluoride(SFs)-was not available. HFC emissions were also considered negligible under the assumption that all refrigerators, heat pumps,and air conditioners were installed and disposed of properly under State regulations. Industrial emissions of SFs were not researched. Emissions of the three measured GHGs were converted to Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide equivalent(MTCOze)emissions using the Global Warming Potential(GWP) coefficients of each gas developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), 5t"Assessment Report(AR5),as shown in Table 8.Table 9 shows the main GHG factors used for the calculations;where only COze factors were used, it indicates that the tool for that item did not produce gas-specific data. I . I I r I t I I G�s Chemic�l Formul� 10�year Glob�l Warmin� Potential(GWP),AR5 Carbon Dioxide COz 1 Methane CH4 28 Nitrous Oxide Nz0 265 I . I I r Source Unit C0�/unit CH�/unit Na0/unit COae/unit (tCOze) (tCOze) (tCO�e) (tCO2e) Electricity kWh 2.22E-04 9.78E-07 1.20E-06 Natural gas MMBtu 5.31E-02 2.80E-05 2.65E-05 Fuel Oil No. 2 MMBtu 7.40E-02 8.40E-05 1.59E-04 Fuel Oil No 6 MMBtu 7.51E-02 8.40E-05 1.59E-04 Kerosene MMBtu 7.52E-02 8.40E-05 1.59E-04 Diesel oil gal (US) 1.02E-02 1.15E-05 2.12E-05 Propane MMBtu 6.29E-02 8.40E-05 1.59E-04 Cattle Head 2.83E+00 Pigs Head 1.37E-01 Sheep&Goats Head 2.05E-01 Poultry Head 5.52E-07 Horses Head 1.13E+00 Fuel Oil No 6 MMBtu 7.51E-02 8.40E-05 1.59E-04 Landfill gas ft3 2.53E-05 4.35E-08 8.11E-08 17 ��Q�'�.4�.��.I[��I�°If 4�.�I�`� �H�Q��G IE��.'.��":� Data Sources Electricity consumption data for the Penobscot Climate Action region for 2019 was provided directly to BACTS via email by Versant Power, broken out between residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, including total consumption and number of accounts. Natural gas consumption data for 2019 was provided directly to BACTS via email by Bangor Natural Gas for their entire service area, broken out between residential and combined commercial and industrial customers. Natural gas consumption for the Penobscot Climate Action region was estimated based on customer meter counts provided by Bangor Natural Gas for 2018. Fuel oil and propane use was estimated via the methodology outlined below.Wood heat is excluded from the inventory due to a lack of available data,and the fact that under the GPC,wood is considered a "biogenic" source and is treated as carbon neutral. Other than for the Bangor International Airport and the University of Maine, no direct fuel oil data was available. Fuel oil is delivered by many companies;these companies were unwilling to share data on their sales.This situation is very common across the country. In rural parts of the state,statewide fuel oil sales data can be used to estimate local fuel oil use, but because of the significant amount of natural gas infrastructure in the region,this was not feasible.To estimate fuel oil consumption for Penobscot Climate Action,the consultant team had to develop Energy Use Intensity(EUI), measured in kBtu/ftz,for various building types within and outside Bangor Natural Gas service area,as well as estimating floor areas by building type and likely heating fuel. Energy Use Estimation and Assumptions for Fuel Oil To allocate a specific energy consumption to various building categories that were not located in the Bangor Natural Gas service area,the consultant team first compiled building floor areas from municipal parcel data.The team then developed a set of preliminary energy use intensities based on EIA's nationwide building energy surveys—the Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey(CBECS)for 2018 and the Residential Energy Consumption Survey(RECS)from 2015.10,11 Fuel oil use in residential buildings was estimated using Residential Prototype Building Models from the U.S. Department of Energy and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory(PNNL)for the state of Maine.12 Fuel oil consumption in commercial buildings used the 2018 CBECS for New England.These models were used to develop EUI estimates for heating loads by fuel type. 10 https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2012/index.php?view=consumption 11 https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2015/ 12 https://www.energycodes.gov/development/residential/iecc_models 18 I r I I ( I) II I I Buildin�Type Electricity EUI Natural Gas EUI Fuel Oil EUI (kBtu/ft�) kBtu fta kBtu � Single Family 18.26 137.16 93.72 Multifamily 18.26 137.16 37.35 Commercial 43.50 90.52 90.52 Not all towns in the region have natural gas service,and even in towns with natural gas service,access is not universal. BNG provided meter counts from 2018 for each town;these were used to assign buildings to either natural gas or fuel oil based on the following assumptions: We assume no buildings heat with electricity, including heat pumps.This is very likely to be overly conservative, especially given recent heat pump uptake in Maine (though recent growth in heat pump use would not show up in 2019 data), but is the best we are able to make with the available data.Any heat pump energy usage that does exist is captured in the electricity totals from Versant. We assume either 0 or 1 gas meter per home,apartment unit, or commercial.While large multifamily buildings do often have single gas meters, most of the multifamily stock in the region is 2-to-4-unit buildings,and these smaller buildings are more likely to have separate gas meters for each unit. We assume that all commercial customers that can get natural gas service will opt to do so, as natural gas provides significant cost savings over fuel oil,and commercial customers are generally more sensitive to these price signals and have greater access to the capital needed for building upgrades. The number of gas meters exceeds the number of commercial/industrial buildings in Bangor, Brewer, Old Town, Orono,and Veazie. In these communities,we assume there is no commercial fuel oil use(other than the amount recorded by the University of Maine). In Hampden and Hermon,there are fewer gas meters than there are commercial buildings; in these communities we assume that the remainder of commercial buildings use fuel oil. For the towns where there are more gas meters than commercial/industrial buildings,the remaining meters are assigned to the residential units, in equal proportion to the breakdown of single-family vs. multifamily housing in the town. For towns with fewer gas meters than commercial buildings,we assume all residential buildings use fuel oil heating. All fuel oil use is assumed to be No. 2 fuel oil. In practice,some of these buildings may use differ grades of fuel oil, diesel,or propane;while the emissions intensity of these fuels does differ,the difference is less than the uncertainty on the total consumption. Wood use is excluded from the inventory as a biogenic source with limited available data. This results in total estimates for the number of homes,and the resulting floor area, for each fuel in each town. 19 I I I I r I I II I I City or Gas H�t Oil H�t Tot�l T°`'� Sin�le Multi- Comm. Sin�le Multi- Comm. Single Multi- Comm. Family f�mily Family family Family family Bangor 1,434 749 1,636 5,171 2,703 0 6,605 3,452 1,636 Brewer 462 366 321 1,817 1,436 0 2,279 1,802 321 Hampden 0 442 2 2,572 0 205 2,572 442 207 Hermon 0 415 54 1,808 0 139 1,808 415 193 Old Town 345 172 140 2,062 1,026 0 2,407 1,198 140 Orono 54 90 786 1,053 1,732 0 1,107 1,822 786 Veazie 36 12 5 470 153 0 506 165 5 Bradley N/A N/A N/A 534 91 13 534 91 13 Indian N/A N/A N/A 92 2g3 0 92 293 0 Island Milford N/A N/A N/A 716 140 26 716 140 26 Orrington N/A N/A N/A 1,249 232 29 1,249 232 29 Tot�l 2,331 2,247 2,944 17,544 7,�06 412 19,�75 10,052 3,356 These building counts were then converted into total building area based on the relative proportion of each fuel,and the average building size by type. EUIs for fuel oil were applied to the total floor areas, resulting in estimates for total energy use by building type and fuel. I I I r II I I Unit� FloorAr� (ft2) Energy Use(MMBTU) Electric-Single Family 19,875 30,351,006 552,509 Electric- Multifamily 10,052 8,078,950 147,069 Electric-Commercial 3,356 30,376,204 1,577,413 Electric- Industrial (includes commercial and 87 1,724,295 industrial) Gas-Single Family 2331 3,559,658 488,241 Gas- Multifamily 2247 2,143,638 294,020 Gas-Commercial 2944 26,647,063 2,412,080 Gas- Industrial 87 1,724,295 956,806 Oil-Single Family 17544 26,791,348 2,510,885 Oil- Multifamily 7,806 5,935,312 278,129 Oil-Commercial 412 3,729,141 337,560 Oil- Industrial 0 0 0 20 II�'nl�s II?k i�Il�:,A� ��s u�,�i�� a:�� Road Traffic The GHG emissions for vehicles were based on the Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)and the GHG intensities of fuel sources.As is standard for calculating VMT and tracking transportation sector emissions,VMT numbers were based on the miles traveled within the boundaries of the Penobscot Climate Action region, regardless of whether the vehicle owners reside in the region or not, or the vehicles are purchased at dealers within the region or not. Because pickup trucks are a common mode of transit in Maine, passenger vehicle VMT was broken out between passenger vehicles and passenger trucks.SUVs are considered to be passenger vehicles. Maine Department of Transportation Data was used to estimate the total VMT on roads within the Penobscot Climate Action region,and from this,we can assume that the total vehicle miles traveled in the region duringthe baseline year of 2019 was 634,322,244 miles. This extremely granular data does not tell us what vehicles traveled on which roads, however. To estimate energy use and emissions,vehicle registration data was used to look at the registered vehicle stock within every town of the Penobscot Climate Action region. U.S. Department of Transportation and U.S. Energy Information Administration data for the fuel economy of vehicles sold in each class and model year was matched to the registered vehicle stock,and from this,weighted average fuel economy calculations were created for each vehicle class in the region.Any emissions resulting from the charging of electric vehicles is included under stationary sources and accounted for within regional electricity data,so no electric Scope 2 emissions are included. The resulting table is shown below. I . I I I Vehicle Fuel Vehicles VMT Mpg FuellDse FuellD�e GHG Type Type (wei�ted) (gallons) (MMBTID) (MT�6ze) Pass- Diesel 257 2,233,511 33.3 67,072 9,256 687 enger Electric 194 1,685,997 N/A N/A N/A N/A Ca rs Gasoline 19,740 171,554,535 32.9 5,214,424 651,803 46,200 Hybrid 840 7,300,193 34.1 214,082 26,760 1,897 Electric Pass- Diesel 350 3,041,747 17.2 176,846 24,405 1,811 enger Trucks Electric 11 95,598 N/A N/A N/A N/A Gasoline 30,997 269,385,812 17.2 15,661,966 1,957,746 138,765 Hybrid 210 1,825,048 17.2 106,107 13,263 940 Electric Light Diesel 352 7,541,942 17.3 435,950 60,161 4,464 Duty Truck Gasoline 5,901 126,434,662 17.2 7,350,852 918,857 65,129 Hybrid 15 321,390 17.2 18,685 2,336 166 Electric 21 I . I I I Vehicle Fuel Vehicles VMT Mpg FuellDse FuellD�e GHG Type Type (weighted) (g�llona) (MMBTID) (MTf�2e) Buses Diesel 255 3,179,676 3.3 963,538 132,968 9,867 Gasoline 47 586,058 3.3 177,593 22,199 1,573 Heavy Diesel 2,550 27,946,511 5.3 5,272,927 727,664 53,995 Duty Truck Gasoline 1021 11,189,564 5.3 2,111,238 263,905 18,706 Total Diesel 3,764 43,943,388 6.4 6,916,333 954,454 70,823 Gasoline 5,7706 579,150,631 19.0 30,516,074 3,814,509 270,372 Hybrid 1,065 9,446,631 27.9 338,875 42,359 3,002 Electric Electric 205 1,781,595 N/A N/A N/A N/A Off-Road Transportation Off-road transportation emissions were considered for the Bangor International Airport and the University of Maine's Orono campus. Both have vehicle fleets that either operate primarily or entirely on their respective grounds rather than on and through local and regional roadways. For this reason,these vehicles were considered off-road.Total diesel and gasoline consumption data were provided by the airport and UMaine,as shown in the table below. This is certainly not a complete capture of all off-road emissions in the region.Additional off- road gasoline and diesel use that is not included in the inventory due to a lack of available data include vehicles used in agriculture.As well as public lands and parks maintenance vehicles operated by the state or a municipality. Emissions from idling vehicles, either on or off road, also could not be estimated. I I I I Vehicle Location �Fuel Type Fuel Use(gallons) Fuel Use(MMBTU) GHG(MTCOae) Airport Vehicles Using Diesel 35,818 4,943 367 Airport Vehicles Using 31,598 3,950 280 Gasoline UMaine Vehicles Using Diesel 29,335 4,048 300 UMaine Vehicles Using 73,710 9,214 653 Gasoline Off-Road Included Total 170,461 22,155 1,600 Air, Rail, and Waterborne Transportation As discussed above,transboundary air travel emissions were excluded from the inventory; while air travel that took off and landed from within the region would be included, no data on such flights was available. No data was available on waterborne transportation emissions or train emissions.All these sources are negligible. 22 \��4��:�� Q.��i[ri�� \��Q��,�Q��i�� Solid Waste During the 2019 inventory year,all municipal solid waste(MSW)collected in the Penobscot Climate Action region was assumed to be landfilled at the Juniper Ridge Landfill,which is physically located within the region in Old Town, ME. Under normal circumstances,the vast majority of MSW in the region is sent to Penobscot Energy Recover Company(PERC), a waste- to-energy incineration facility located in Orrington, ME. However,this facility was under construction and slowly starting to accept a portion of MSW from the region during the latter half of 2019.Since the vast majority of MSW from the region bypassed this facility and went to Juniper Ridge in 2019,and due to the difficulty in accurately estimating the small percentage that may have been incinerated at PERC,the entire 2019 inventory year is considered a landfill-only year. MSW collection for most towns in the region is tracked by the Municipal Review Committee (MRC),which provided BACTS with collection data for the 2019 year. Waste from other private haulers was not included in the data received from MRC and Juniper Ridge Landfill. For towns that were not MRC members, MSW weights were estimated based on population size compared to other MRC member towns. Since no waste characterization study was provided for the region, including any for Juniper Ridge Landfill, quantities of various categories of solid waste were estimated based on the 2011 Maine Residential Waste Characterization Study,13 shown in Table 13 below. I flll Itl M�jor Category Subc�te�ory %Of Landfilled W�ste 2019 Landfill (2011 waste Qu�ntity(tons) characterization study) Organics 43.28% 11,332 Food 27.86% 7,295 Remainder/Compos 10.97% 2,872 ite Organic Diapers 2.97% 778 Yard Waste 1.48% 388 Paper 25.57% 6,695 Compostable Paper 7.93% 2,076 Other Recyclable 4.90% 1,283 Paper R/C Paper 4.08% 1,068 Magazine/Catalogs 2.88% 754 13 The University of Maine.2011 Maine Residential Waste Characterization Study. https://u mai ne.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/04/2011-Mai ne-Residential-Waste- Characterization-Studv.pdf 23 I flll I I Major Cate�ary Subcate�ory %�f Landfilled Waste 2019 Landfill (2011 waste Qu�ntity(tons) characterization study) Paper Newsprint 2.43% 636 High Grade Office 1.64% 429 Paper Occ/Kraft 1.61% 422 Phone Books 0.11% 29 Plastics 13.44% 3,519 All Film 4.78% 1,252 All Other Plastic 3.76% 984 #3-#7 1.38% 361 PETE(#1) 1.18% 309 HDPE(#2) 1.15% 301 Grocery/Merch 0.82% 215 Bags Plastic ME Dep. Bev 0.36% 94 Cont. Other Waste 5.77% 1511 Textiles(non-carpet) 4.26% 1115 Other Waste 1.51% 395 Construction and 3.35% 877 Demolition Waste Metals 3.26% 854 Other Metal 1.71% 448 Tin/Steel Cont. 1.45% 380 AI. ME Dep. Bev 0.10% 26 Cont. Glass 2.71% 710 Clear Glass Cont. 1.96% 513 Glass ME Dep. Bev. 0.41% 107 Cont. Amber&Green 0.15% 39 Glass All Other Glass 0.18% 47 Household 1.72% 450 Hazardous Waste Electronics 0.92% 241 Tot�I 100.0096 26,1�3 These above quantities were then inputted into the EPA Waste Reduction Model (WARM) tool14,with minor adjustments to fit the same categories used in the tool, along with quantities of composted waste streams reported by UMaine. Recycling data from UMaine was excluded from the WARM tool calculations in order to focus on emissions within the boundary of the regional inventory. Furthermore, emissions from any materials that were potentially 1a US EPA,Waste Reduction Model. https://www.epa.�ov/warm 24 recycled within the region would be captured in the industrial energy use. The resulting baseline solid waste management emissions for the region are 7,506 MTCO2e,as shown in Table 14 below. Note that totals may differ from the sum of the rows due to rounding. I . I I I I r II Material Tons Landfilled Tons Composted Emissions(MTCO�e) Corrugated Containers 422 N/A 188 Magazines/third-class mail 754 N/A -279 Newspaper 636 N/A -475 Office Paper 429 N/A 650 Phonebooks 29 N/A -21 Mixed Paper(general) 2,351 N/A 707 Food Waste 7,295 160 4,091 Yard Trimmings 388 425 -87 H DPE 301 N/A 6 PET 309 N/A 6 Mixed Plastics 2,909 N/A 59 Mixed Electronics 241 N/A 5 Aluminum Cans 26 N/A 1 Steel Cans 380 N/A 8 Mixed Metals 448 N/A 9 Glass 710 N/A 14 Mixed Organics 5,726 0 1,325 Mixed MSW 2,830 N/A 1,298 Tot�l 26,1�3 5�5 7,506 Juniper Ridge Landfill also operates a landfill gas recovery program,which is important for significantly reducing the amount of inethane leakage that can result from the decay of organic materials in the landfill.The proportion of MSW attributable to the Penobscot Climate Action region was applied to the total amount of landfill gas reported to be extracted and flared at Juniper Ridge Landfill over the course of the inventory year.The total landfill gas emissions attributable to the region were calculated to be 795 MTCOze,as shown in Table 15 below. I flll I I rl I I luniper Ridge Landfill Municipal�lid Landfill Gas Emissions Waste(tons) (cubic f�t) (MTCO�e) Attributable to BACTS Region 26,183 31,306,193 795 Not Attributable to BACTS 53,727 64,239,471 1,630 Region Total 79,910 95,545,664 2,425 25 Adding the baseline solid waste management emissions and landfill gas emissions results in total emissions of 8,301 MTCO2e attributable to solid waste disposal. Despite the fact that Juniper Ridge Landfill is located within the Penobscot Climate Action region,the emissions resulting from waste generated outside of the region are not included in the GPC inventory for BASIC or BASIC+.After 2019,the majority of MSW in the region started going to the Penobscot Energy Recovery Center(PERC),which uses brand new technology that results in about 80%diversion (waste converted directly to energy)and 20% residual waste which is inert, landfilled,and considered carbon neutral.This means emissions from solid waste are likely to decrease for the region in future inventory years. Wastewater Wastewater energy use is included in the industrial energy use sector for the inventory. Wastewater process emissions were modeled usingthe "CIRIS Wastewater Emissions Calculator." Wastewater process emissions were estimated at 7,864 MTCO2e annually. ��,i[�i��. ��IV��i[��.��, III ��i[��;:��i[�� 4�.�i[i�� ':��Il Y��.A i� III��.4.�i[i�� I��II a��.�� Livestock Livestock emissions were estimated based on the 2017 Census of Agriculture County Profile for Penobscot County15,shown in Table 16 below.The total number of head for each livestock category was estimated for the region based on a ratio of the area of pastureland located in the Penobscot Climate Action region (10,173 ha)to the total area of pastureland in Penobscot County(21,999 ha).About 46%of the pastureland in the county is located in the Penobscot Climate Action region.The land use data for the region was provided by the consulting team based on GIS work completed for the climate vulnerability assessment,while the area of pastureland county-wide was given in the 2017 Census of Agriculture.The emissions factors associated with various types of livestock were obtained from a previous study completed by the consultant team for another North American regional GHG inventory. These emissions do not include the life cycle emissions from the growing of feed, processing, or transportation of animals,and are therefore likely to be an underestimate of the actual emissions attributable to livestock in the region. Emissions from poultry are non-zero but round down to zero. 15 US Department of Agriculture,2017 Census of Agriculture,County Profile,Penobscot County Maine. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/On li ne_Resources/Cou nty_Profi les/Mai ne/c p23019.pdf 26 I Iv I rl I Livestock #H�d, #Head, Emissions, Emissions, Inventsry Penobscot BACTS Re�on Penobscot BACTS Re�ion (2017) County County (MTCO�e) (MTCO�e) Cattle 13,883 6,420 39,225 18,139 Pigs 675 312 93 43 Sheep&Goats 798 369 164 76 Poultry 5,273 2,438 0 0 Horses 1,002 463 1,133 524 Total 21,631 10,002 40,616 18,782 Land Use Changes The emissions associated with land use changes were calculated using the ICLEI US Community Protocol's Land Emissions And Removals Navigator(LEARN)tool16.The LEARN tool accounts for land use changes that have occurred over the past two decades(2000- 2019)to calculate the average annual GHG flux - emissions or removals - associated with each land use change category.The tool required the selection of a reference city that was proximate to the region and as similar as possible.The two closest available options were Boston, MA and Syracuse, NY.The latter was chosen for having a more similar climate to the Bangor region.As with the livestock calculations,the land use data used as inputs in this tool were based on GIS work completed by the consulting team for the climate vulnerability assessment. Land use changes that involve wetlands are included, but any carbon removals associated with undisturbed wetlands are not included in the LEARN tool calculations. Results of the LEARN tool output are summarized in Table 17 below. I . v r I I I I x fr ( ) Land Use Chan e(200�2019) GHG Emi�ions� Area(ha, GHG Flux Cate ry Chan e Type Removals tot�l) (MTCO�e/year) Forest Chan e To Cropland Emissions 0 0 Forest Change To Grassland Emissions 1,122 10,468 Forest Change To Settlement Emissions 431 6,643 Forest Chan e To Wetland Emissions 219 2,317 Forest Change To Other Emissions 91 2,305 Forest Change Reforestation (Non- Removals 1,312 -9,137 Forest to Forest) Forest Remaining Undisturbed Removals 53,474 -313,547 Forest Forest Remaining Fire Emissions 0 0 Forest Forest Remaining Insect/Disease Emissions 0 0 Forest Forest Remaining Forest Harvested Emissions 3,828 44,617 Forest Trees Outside Tree canopy loss Emissions 54 1,036 16 ICLEI, LEARN Tool. https://icleiusa.org/tools/learn/ 27 I . v r I I I I x fr ( ) L.�nd Use Chan e(200�2019) GHG Emissions� Area(ha, GHG Flux Cate ry Chan e Type Removals tot�l) (MTCO�e/year) Forest Trees Outside Tree canopy Removals 3,400 -30,194 Forest maintained/gained Harvested Wood N/A Removals N/A 0 Prod u cts Total Emissions 67,385 Total Removals -352,879 Net GHG Flux -285,494 Net GHG Flux without Undisturbed Forest 2�,054 As discussed earlier,the carbon removals associated with undisturbed forest were excluded from the regional inventory in order to keep the focus on changes in emissions sources in the region.This is consistent with the Maine State Emissions Inventory approach,which reports the impact of forest carbon sequestration in the state but does not reflect the net GHG removal of forests in its inventory of GHG emissions.The GHG removals associated with reforestation (-9,137 MTCOze)and urban forest canopy maintained/gained (-30,194 MTCOze) were included in the calculation of net GHG emissions for the region because these categories reflect recent,active land use changes that have been made in the region. 28 ,��i%. � ��%% iiii/�� %��i��///"/, „ �,,,, ��ii��f� ��„� %��,,, i��, - , � �'� � �� .,�..�I, e,� ,�v 'dl��..m.��., , ��vl.,.�� °% i� Executive Summary �, %% //i �/' � i/� � �� JANUARY 2024 f r f�1�r ��'`��,� ��a� �%/ %% IIJ f/r�F ��`� " ��%fP`,>; �%% %1% �� '� � i� k ' k� PEN0B5COT � � °'��°f CLI MATE ACTION ,Ur ,��f/,�� ,f��.,��d,r,�<»� � �� .: . , ,,,, ,, jii / i///%// �%i////////%/ / � , � �� i ,, , ii,,,,, Ezeoutive summary 2 � / � ,,,,�, r r , i , „d „e ,,,. ,,,, a ,/ , � � . .� . � ,,,/„ �� i Penobscot Climate Action is a � �oint effort of local governments, � � organization�, and re�ident� who � � �� live and work in the Greater Bangor : � � . �„ .� � � ��. ��;+ �a�� , ��, � � , �� a� �� j region to advance climate goals . dr �;n;r, � � i ,n-, � �q¢ � " .. v ; ,�, , � 'w �� locally and to��th�r a� a r��ion. ,�r�� rr� In 2020,the State of Maine launched"Maine Won't Wait,"a plan for building climate resilience across Maine and reducing r greenhouse gas emissions by 45%by 2030(from 1990 levels), and 80%by 2050.Penobscot Climate Action is a joint effort of local governments,organizations,and residents who live f and work in the Greater Bangor region to advance those goals locally and together as a region.The plan outlines strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,support the local economy, enhance ecosystem health,improve regional infrastructure,and create conditions for communities to respond,adapt,and thrive in the face of a changing climate. Penobscot Climate Action is data-driven and community- informed.The first phase of the project resulted in the Climate � Vulnerabilitv Assessment and Greenhouse Gas(GHG) ,�� ,� � : �� .: . IItiA ui�aull��.v�a�d ��Iliiirirm��a ��r�4.�iia�ui� Il�a��;avii��ir�u Penobscot Climate Action is a regional collaboration between the communities of Bangor,Orono,Brewer, r�^" Penobscot Indian Island,Veazie,Bradley,Hampden, penobscot Indiao Island Hermon,Milford,Old Town,and Orrington,as well as the University of Maine.The collective region spanned ��,,,..w� by these communities was referred to throughout the MilfOrd project as the Penobscot Climate Action Region. Old TOwn ....� �./"""�,, Owono �radley Bangor Hermoo Veazie �..�.� Brewer Hampden Orrington �� . C7 5 �C7 i�oil�s � I I I � I I I � CI-NS,Esr'i,(a�rrroin,P�at.uralVta�y CI�S�P�(7<1f�,C7CS,Es�V,G�nro'in .: . � o�o�o��ii��o�pv�.o�oi�rfii ii.oi��ii�� ,��„�,��„�,��„�,��„�,��„�,��„�,��„�,��„�,��„�,��„�,��, �� . � f�oii�iioi��iiii��i�/ ��iiii�i�iiiii�i��iiiiiii��i � �� ,,,,,�,�� /////////� � �, � �,J%//%iii�i////%�!///�///�%/%�%� � ��r�//�%�%%//%�%/%%//!//%%/%%%%%O/O%%/%%i%/%%///�/�, �� '� � ' '� ' � � � � �//%/l �//�/1�//i �p�/�'. � � � i/1��f i�� . � . 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Conduct GHG Emissions Inventory+ ,,r;. , ,r , ?;, . „r e;�,, %;:.,i��i� �,i-,,,.�,%;�;,��,�,�,i==,n,ll�i=, ClimateVulnerabilityAssessment ;.;�.i,�-�;=r;�;�--;,:��-;�-I�,�,r;�;�-i�:; ��-;�->>,�,r;�;�-��.; Executive summary Emissions Inventorv.Using GIS-based mapping,a review Creating a healthy and vibrant future where we have the 4 of relevant climate science and projections,and interviews capacity to bounce back stronger after new stresses requires with residents and town staff,the Climate Vulnerability that all residents have equitable access to meaningful Assessment and GHG Emissions Inventory provide a baseline economic opportunity,resources for health and wellbeing,as assessment of current and future climate risks for the region. well as respect and dignity.Duringthe second phase of the These data served as the foundation for decision making and project,residents,town staff,and other local leaders identified action planningthat took place during the second phase of the a set of principles and priority focus areas that guided the project. ,, .: . Executive summary development of the plan.The principles that guided the project While the toolkits provide specific information and resources 5 include: to kick-start implementation of ten individual high-priority, high-impact actions,the toolkits are part of a larger suite of �"` miti ation and ada tation strate ies.A endix A serves as a ;; Equity and Environmental Justice g p g pp II�II�'dllr��1" broader list of distinct actions that can be taken independently, II'll�llk�P IIII II II,'^v � EhVIPU1111'i@11t�1 H@�Ith or in conjunction with the actions spelled out in the toolkits. 1°��°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°�' Together,these documents act as a comprehensive suite of „�, Ct711'ill'tu111ty R@SIII@11C@ climate strategies that are meant to be easily accessible and support implementation,achieve goals identified by community ,,,, R@�IU11�1 Ct711�bt7P�tIU11 members throughout the process,and facilitate progress toward climate action goals as articulated in"Maine Won't Strategies were developed to explicitly intersect with needs and Wait." goals of the following regional priority focus areas: You can find additional information on the community-driven solution co-creation process in Appendix B and the technical HUUSl11� GHG emissions methodology in Appendix C. ° ��a`��°� 1 Transportation u��iiJ� �o�uau°��e�� ,,,, ��w�� Environment and Quality of Life Local Economies and Livelihoads ;�"�� Health Drawing on insight from community conversations and surveys, community members and town staff then worked to identify, develop,and prioritize climate actions.This process resulted in identifying ten high-priority and high-impact strategies for the region,and developing"climate action toolkits"that package resources and information that would make it easier to put these strategies into action.See the ten climate action toolkits on the following page. ,, .: . Executivesummary �IIV6= �6m�„-u1l 1��6�Ir11!�:1➢U��,4��o-.1➢�,:4,�olluu�IllR:�E&�:6= ��tl��IVa:11lr11 nu.6u.111V11�1�&��tiu 6 The toolkits include ten high-priority and high-impact strategies for the region,with resources and information to put these strategies into action. Update Zoning and New �� f'�� .. Strengthen Local and � �%� �� .............................................................. � / �i � /i Develo ment Standards for � � �� 1 � � Regional Food Resilience p � �� / f � � .%%/ , � � _ � // �� , � Low Carbon Resilience �� '�� ,�� / �� , � ��. � �� ,�� % � � � , i Retrofit Existin �� i�� ! � ��!�� Ex and Communit Hubs g 1� �� ,� ,�� p Y %/ � % Housing Stock �� for Resilience %i �, :,�/// / %%r ..�///////.,///////f /� Create a Capacity Building ��1�� IIII'llViu IIII'liiu � �� y� , �� Strengthening the Green �,� / �� Illll�u IIIII�� 1�: � � �� / � � �� Trades Pi eline Strate for Public Transit % � !i �� % % �� p �Y �� .� IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII � �� %/ i ,� ; .�� «��„1 111tttttt��t 111tttttt��1 % �� ff(( IJ� 11 IJ� ll1 IJ� , � ,, ,� uuiuuC� ��l% ��/ �� ,� � Partnerships to Promote �� j�� Develop a Climate�Ready Active and PublicTransit �//� ; � Business Resource /„ � : � , / / � / � / � , , � � � , / �/i/ . � �i �// , ///////////// / /////� �%� � ////////// �i % � %o / � ////// . i � // / %,,,,,,,% ,..,% Foster Complete and ..............................................................� �,i� '� � ��.............................................................. Adapt Land Management % ! � �'�� Practices to Su ort Walkable Neighborhoods i� / ��/ j pp ��/� �� Resilience ��f//� '%%/ / / �� ,, .: . /�� , , � , �� ,, ; Actions to Get Started �, �. � � , � ,.�,,,,,,, „�. . ,,;;: .r � .�% �,�. � The following steps are recommendations � � �� thateachmunicipality,regardlessofsize,can take to get started on taking action to support � '� � r � PenobscotClimateAction: r " � r � � Participate in the Climate Action ' Committee—Identify a municipal staff person leveraging limited financial resources and ormemberofTribalgovernmenttojointhe Climate Action Committee,a committee hosted staff time while respecting the unique byBangorAreaComprehensiveTransportation System(BACTS)focused on coordinating and circumstances of individual communities. overseeingthe implementation of Penobscot Climate Action. Executivesummary I��""�°6=��Ilu�ll'1l��EII4,�u.�III��Ell,�ul�llr.1¢ftIV�:1�1111 �1¢II'14�A{ d��'llu.�ll'1Y °� IdentifyaloCalgameplan—Convenea � group of municipal staff,members of Tribal The impacts of climate change are felt across town boundaries,and holistic governments,and community volunteers,to solutions require collaboration acrossjurisdictions.Regional climate review the toolkits and Appendix A and to action planning allows municipalities to address the impacts of a changing select a set of actions that are most pressing climate in a way that responds to regional scale-issues while respecting and/or feasible for the community to prioritize uniquejurisdictional boundaries and leveraging limited financial resources and implement in the next one-to-two years. and staff time.Proactive and well-coordinated adaptation extends beyond Highlight"second tier"actions that the boundariesto efficientlyshare best practices,resources,and information,in communitywill pursue next. a way that effectively fosters resilience across an entire region. �° Adopt a resolution committing to climate Penobscot Climate Action is a regional collaboration of eleven towns,led � aCtion—Work with the Town Council or Tribal by the Bangor Area Comprehensive Transportation System(BACTS),the members to adopt a resolution that commits City of Bangor,and the Town of Orono.This plan provides a framework to the community to taking climate action,in strategically guide local action in a way that supports the well-being of the line with the recommended actions laid out in entire Greater Bangor region.While it is a regional plan,this comprehensive Penobscot Climate Action.The City of Bangor set of strategies can be tailored to meet local community needs and adopted a,F3f;ra;�«IvE;,in 2021,which could be priorities,and to increase regional collaboration and capacity building over adapted for other communities in the region. time. ,, .: . ��,,, i � r ', i ' , , r i � r,.�. �o.../ o... „✓, i ., ,,,i,o,. �-"„d� / '-� ,i ,,,, „d. � � ��.,. . ;,,, ,,,,, i ioul ��i ,,.., �i 'm�u�i i , �i�i� .... .... .... . .. ... ........ � mi- ��i __. o,.✓ u Y�'I i ` . ri'i � �, � � �ii, , ' . ��!�iiii�y, � „. �� ExoouWvo 6ummary i �i• � ,�� i -/--� �. „ $ I��N�ii,ai u I��af u u�i�.. .� �.7�i��i�al I�ww u�w 6��q�.��,� ;�� ,� ��,, v � �;,,,.�, Buildings are a key component of both mitigation and �, ��, , .n adaptation in the region.As identified in Phase I by the , ^�� ',,�� y��, �� ii�-- Climate Vulnerability Assessment,the region's critical `��;'� ' ""`� infrastructure(such as homes,public buildings,and energy �/ i� � � systems),and vulnerable groups(such as seniors and people �y�� , f�, '��°° �� P�, B6n'��;r�� ,, ,��'""""�i��:� � �,9�^^ : .�� iuf�411i�� Ili�i��i��r�i/��I�/rjVi��,��9l�'��i'y?��I withdisabilities),facesignificantvulnerabilitiesrelatedto �-W:� �� w� �,,, �; �a��',„ ; o, increases in flooding,extreme weather,and extreme heat. �� o�� r � �� .�i � �� °� � , Over 60%of the region's GHG emissions footprint is . -�� ' � , b attributable to energy use in buildings.As such,all of the ��' /% strategies related to buildings and energy have some of the � greatest opportunities to influence emissions reductions. ��"�� `�" r ff� I w Emissions in the building sector resultfrom the burning of � ' ' � �' �� ;�'�� ;''� fossil fuels(mostly natural gas and fuel oil)and electricity use.By improving the energy efficiency of the existing building Housing support and service programs for those experiencing stock,supporting the transition away from fossil fuels,and housing insecurity also need to be reinforced so services aren't expanding renewable energy generation for a cleaner electric interrupted during extreme weather events.See the following grid,strategies related to buildings and energy use represent toolkits,which outline steps for implementation and resources a critical component of climate action in the region. for the region to take action towards those goals: In addition to significant potential for GHG emissions „ Toolkit#1-Update Zoning and New Development reductions,actions related to buildings and energy pose Standards for Low-Carbon Resilience significant potential for communitysafety,health,and resilience.Access to safe housingthat can withstand the ��,' Toolkit#2-Retrofit Existing Housing Stock impacts of extreme weather is critical for all residents of the geyond these key strategies,see Appendix A for more actions region,especially seniors and people with disabilities,for that provide additional ways communities in the Penobscot whom access to heating in the winter,cooling in the summer, Climate Action Region can make progress towards the region's and electricity for specific devices can be life or death. climate goals. ,, .: . II��f IIIIIUIIIIVu»auu�ku�,��11pliuiuiuiiuuiUl11111��a��///////�%///��///i< „ � / �,,, �, ��j/i�� ,,,, � f(f fl1 ��rt��%ii� �„i�i 9xecutiveSummary �II�r.1B1111!:i�[lld.bll��r.lk'�';IIu1�l111 'u�4��°'u 6,.�IIIIIk!:i� ��//%//i��ii%"' Trans ortation s stems have the otential to build communit �//�1�� aiii p Y p Y JI/llll � /// �f�f� � �„�. resilience byensuringaccesstojobs,education,healthcare, r �� i��//� ��I��j�j/%�� /%� f and food.When transportation systems are interrupted by ��/,,,,,,,�� extreme weather events,residents could experience negative �,� ��/�j%�� or ec nomic opportu otie bilC eating a mor�e ac es�slble '///�i��////// �f�1��/�'; sustainable,and resilienttransportation system will make it . ,.,,, l� r ��;��i�i easier for residents to et around,reduce GHG emissions and g r.� /� improve air quality,and make transportation infrastructure r [` �,��'� more resilient to the impacts of climate change,which also � reducesthefinancial impacton municipalities. Transportation is responsible for approximately one third of the region's GHG footprint.Climate action strategies geared toward transportation systems can significantly reduce GHG emissions � I.i ,'sr, I, t, :Y' I;',is�'iAi't, litu�,i !)'i"'i � l'i .� l "I' S.� � iii' Scii' ui' by encouraging a shift in travel modes away from driving passenger vehicles and reducing vehicle miles traveled(VMT) in the region.The electrification of public transit and municipal „ Toolkit#S-Create a Capacity Building Strategy for fleets,along with expanded electric vehicle(EV)charging Public Transit infrastructureto supportthe EVtransition,will further reduce Toolkit#4-Partnerships to Promote Active and Public emissions associated with vehicles usingfossil fuels. `�� Tra n s it Making it easier,safer,and more accessible to take public Toolkit#5-Foster Complete and Walkable transportation,walk,ride a bike,or travel by other modes "" of active transportation was a top priority for working group Neighborhoods members based on its ability to simultaneously support equity, geyond these key strategies,see Appendix A for more actions climate justice,community resilience,carbon mitigation,and that provide additional ways communities in the Penobscot regional collaboration goals.See the following toolkits,which Climate Action Region can make progress towards the region's outline steps for implementation and resources for the region climate goals. to take action towards those goals: ,, .: . ExecutiveSummary I�w,ll'11VpIVIk�Q.b111111I11k6„�II'1Y�1 ��'R:�E��:u'llt m1Bll'14�A{ ��'R.IE!��6�? 'u�jyl'��6�„-IIIIIE°�tiu ��'�� "a'i�'/,N((rd,(�"'�'" �` 10 � �Pi-�. �. Data from the Climate Vulnerability Assessment highlight ,� � .:� „�M,.,, the vital role that the region's lands and natural areas play �,�/ � ' �"^� ' "�^�` in providingflood mitigation,clean drmkingwater,cooling p�jp�� u ��%�'� ��°�. for neighborhoods in hot weather,carbon sequestration, � l�j j�jpi � .... i� � 0ui � i i .�l� , ��/i/�i/i '�� '� ' � � ..� and more.The region's forests,which comprise 50%of the � � �� ' ��`� ��i%��i, �� , region's land cover,are threatened by risingtemperatures, � i �r ,� ,�� B which lead to reduced plant,tree,and animal health,and �� impact services like canopy cover,erosion,flooding,and �, biodiversity.These consequences will affect agriculture, recreation,and residents'enjoyment of outdoor benefits. Regenerating soil health,managing invasive species,and promoting biodiversity contribute to ecosystem resilience, and in turn,support community health,well-being,and the local economy.The following toolkit outlines steps for implementation,and resources for the region,to take action towards adapting land management practices that support ��il�wi I�,il�t,i 1"I' I"i l�si" �i :�i'v fi ' 1 ;iYrl' I,' i't regeneration and resilience: � fund storm and wastewater u rades.See IVlraina�l7(71��IVlunic;i�r�l s Toolkit#6-Adapt Land Management and pg �-- � Y��--� ��,;,> Conservation Practices to Support Resilience ;7t;rE�„z,rn,,,,C;;r«„�;,s;;;i,r�,�?�?,r;z,rp,as an example.) Additionally,local waterways,including the Penobscot River, While the waste sector is only responsible for approximately are crucial for the region's culture and well-being,and are 1.6%of the region's GHG footprint,the strategies in Appendix facing threats like increased surface water temperatures and A still present an opportunity to reduce emissions associated contamination from stormwater runoff and sewage overtlows. with both solid waste disposal and wastewater,as well as The strategies outlined in Appendix A identify opportunities improve ecosystem health and well-being.By supporting waste for storm and wastewater upgrades to address water quality reduction and diversion from landfills,along with increased and contamination.These strategies can reduce damage to wastewater efficiency,communities can continue to advance critical infrastructure,and therefore,reduce financial burdens net zero goals while ensuringthatthe emissions associated on municipalities.(Note:Maine is increasingopportunitiesto with waste do not increase proportionallyovertime. ,, .: . ExecutiveSummary I�ww�j��;rw��ll I�w,ry�,V1�111Yo-:1�Illllkl�6�� mlkll'11G"AI I�w.IV`�6��IIIIIIVtl.h�:1➢�A{��tiu 11 �'�` The Climate Vulnerability Assessment found that while small , °r°.� ' � �� fi �x(�� '�,� businesses are a major asset to the region,and contribute to ' �� '"' r�� s�, the local economy,small businesses are experiencing many � pressures due to the impacts of COVID-19,inflation,and �' ` - �-T.�..""-^'�.*.„�,P,.� supply chain disruptions.Extreme weather and climate-related ��'��'��,�,, disasters will continue to strain the ability of local businesses f � ��'i��' ` " ��Y�� to thrive,and could dampen the local economy.The most �'r�� , �`�'��"�� , �� , �,�"��v''`'�"x�MM�' �r�i,�" �� J� ,�'� re �°" �i w�u +�°" rxr��°ru �, commercially developed area of Bangor,for example,is also „, ;�^'� ��r ��n� '� �n�� mi��,� „''m"�a��„ � � �'�d� �iii�M� �� one of the most vulnerable areas to flooding. , � � �s�°�i�� '�� " �� ' ' I�� l f� � i ,v! I o'I i� o� ��"�.;��, The strategies geared toward the local economy and ,�, ( i� ��f�^i"'�i � 0 �di�p m��;��"Y y '�'," � "I livelihoods do not directly reduce GHG emissions in the region ��`�t�`' i�"��;� � � � � ,�,i ��j�//� but do contribute to the advancement of other actions that �I� � "�i �` can be highly impactful.By supporting businesses to advance ��`�� ` � i,��M�� D ��1� �� , �� j�� , / � i lyi i vi/iU,r�/i their own sustainability efforts,and by growing the local t�j�fi�,l � � �� , � � ;� � � o workforce in the green trades,these strategies will support � �� ' �„��%� ��n6'�� . %�y �/�� i � l �y �Oi/ irf l/% i// // / the uptake of energy efficiency improvements,building �;/�,��,��, ' ��lf�� i�,�',�' �� retrofits,and renewable energy systems in the region.See the ��;��r � 'r�i�`� ,�� ; f. �,,;/�� //��,�,�.,�,;� ;�� following toolkits,which outline steps for implementation and �.r F�<.��i�� .u«r� � i�� t� � �,��i,��:r °�:�sr resources for the region to take action towards those goals: Toolkit#7-Develop a Climate-Ready Business Reso u rce Toolkit#8-Strengthen the Green Trades Pipeline For more actions related to supporting small businesses and the local economy,and additional ways for communities in the Penobscot Climate Action Region can make progress towards the region's climate goals,see Appendix A. ,, .: . 12cuYiveSummary ��Q�rt7��'�,�� ., ; . e Climate impacts such as extreme heat,poor water and �� ` � dw �y,� "'--d ��rdN'^�i;"l i � �r�! t n� i�J'f , �" �� f;�f/ � ., �`� d air quality,and interruptions to transportation or energy �� °; � ��I�l�a��°6� � r r ��,�'�a ��,r r i� ��' �t � `� n^+ systems,can lead to serious health risks,especially for � � � �� `tikf�� ffir.�s '� � vulnerable populations in the region.Accordingto the Climate �'n �� °�� "' ' ��°}�� '� � � �� + �� Vulnerability Assessment,seniors-who make up almost �� °,;��d " 20%ofthe region's population-are exceptionally vulnerable f' °r to the impacts of climate change.Seniors are at higher � � risk of illness or death related to extreme temperatures,or �� , R � loss of power or access to medical care caused by extreme �kp �x , ;�,,�,� � �� °�. weather events.Other vulnerable populations,such as people � � with disabilities,people with chronic health conditions, � �� Y and people living in poverty,are also at greater risk due to �^�r`�` 1 , p�,� ,�,, � � i�'� ' � � " challenges in accessingthe healthcarethey need.Making it "�,��, ' � j�, ' s., � �� ' � �� easier to access healthcare services before and during an " ,�,, rl,aA�°°�j ,y' �,� 1 , , a„� extreme weather event will support the overall well-being '�� i� "� �i �� ''U',, '� , „, � (i�� V��lil'� �1�� II�4� �� i� and resilience of the region.See the following toolkits,which �I � � �� i rP � h�� outline stepsfor implementation and resourcesforthe region y f to take action towards those goals: � �, � �'� ..�,� i� .r. i ��.7�i�� .�� Toolkit#9-Expand Community Hubs for Resilience Toolkit#1U-Strengthen Local and Regional Food Resilience %�/�, � �'�f�i//�%G % ;�r ;i/,i��i;�%'/// � .' � , � ux 4 �� !��% �� ,�"�"" %i� ///// GHG ••• ,. �Iq� � Iq� ry@ ry@ � �� "�� ° �� . �� uIVN�. :�h 1 .h uIVN� 111Y ��. . 111Y r@ .. 1 ��f %��// �/ � � � . - , � r - - , � PENOBSCOT #� A, CLIMATE ACTION / . / / / / / � " Description of the Action ' 2)Fiood resriience zonrng and desrgn standards- How This Action Supports the Goals of ', This area includes updating land use ordinances to reflect Penobscot Climate Action Municipalities in the Penobscot Climate Action region can future floodplains(based on climate modeling rather than update zoning and land use ordinances and adopt new historical storm events),and updating permitted building Equity and Environmental Justice.Making it development standards to ensure that new construction "' increasin I feasible for affordable housin and other uses and building design standards for buildings in flood gY g� in the region supports low-carbon resilience goals.In risk zones.Updated building design standards may include community spaces)to meet high-performance and particular,communities can focus on three main areas elevating first floors(higher frr;ae;l�aard requirements), resilient building standards ensures that residents of 1)Higher performance buildings-This area includes ' protecting or elevating critical systems(such as electrical all incomes-and particularly people who will be most affected by climate change-are able to benefit from adopting building standards or providing building incentives '', equipment),and/or floodproofing first floors,for example. the health,cost,and resilience benefits of energy to achieve higher energy efficiency and lower carbon For particularly high risk zones,it may include prohibiting efficient and resilient buildings. building design.As a starting point,municipalities will want specific building types or new construction in those areas to adopt the highest performance Maine Uniform Building altogether.Flood resilience zoning should also consider Environmental Health.Higher energy efficiency Energy Code and/or optional Stretch Code available, ' ways to enable greater density,housing diversity,affordable and lower-carbon building design reduces greenhouse gas emissions(along with other types of air pollution), and continue to update as new statewide codes are housing and supportive housing specifically in areas with helping to slow climate change and supporting a released.Municipalities may additionally set performance low flood risk to shift development away from flood risk healthier environment. requirements that go beyond state codes(such as meeting areas. Passive House standards)for certain building types,such < Community Resilience.Resilient zoning and 3)Site design standards for resilience-This area "'" development standards can guide development in as for municipal buildings,buildings above a specific square , includes adopting or incentivizing stormwater management a way that mitigates risks and potential harm from footage,or development projects with public funding. , and low impact development standards to infiltrate and climate hazards such as flooding storms,and extreme Higher performance building standards can also include store stormwater on-site,as well as landscaping and site heat,in turn improving community resilience. requirements or incentives for making buildings"solar design standards for heat mitigation and ecosystem health. Re ional Collaboration.This action creates the ready"or"EV ready"(e.g.wiring a home to facilitate the g Considerations may include minimizing impervious surfaces, ° opportunity for municipalities to align on a common installation of rooftop solar or EV chargers in the future). increasing stormwater retention through nature-based vision for future growth that supports a climate Policies to support lower carbon new development may solutions,inte ratin reen roofs,usin 'cool materials" g g g g' resilient region. also include encouraging,incentivizing,and/or eventually ' for paving and rooftops that reflect rather than absorb heat requiring the use of materials with low embodied carbon; ' from the sun,preserving existing trees,planting native and/ the prioritization of building and material reuse over new or climate adapted plant species,establishing soil health construction;and requirements that existing buildings are standards for new construction,and/or integrating backup deconstructed rather than demolished so that materials can ' ' power.Municipalities may consider adopting performance- be reused or recycled as much as possible. ''�, (conCinued on page 2) -- '��- - ��r"i ........ /; • : • • �� . r �� i� � +� � ��.�� w �w �'�'� �' � ' Steps for Implementation (conCinued from page 1) based requirements,whereby buildings/sites are � _ (as opposed to demolition).These features could be requiretl to meetcertain pointthresholtls,antl points � Ilhi,;l��IW�'�a��i ii��r¢��a'x� Ih'�i.illu9iic„y;^�; incorporatetl into a tlevelopmentreview checklist A number can be earned through achieving certain standards or ' of certification systems(e.g.,LEED)include credits and/ incor oratin certain features. i Launch a task force-Launch a high-performance buildings P g or processes that could also be drawn on in developing task force to advise on the development and rollout of To be successful,adopting new building standards will high performance building standards.Work with builders, incentives or policies.For building deconstruction policies to re uire ensurin that ener codes are enforced and be successful,it will be important to support the expansion q g gY ( contractors,developers-potentially in sub-committees-to that there are resources for enforcement).it will also identify opportunities and challenges,as well as needs for of a"reuse ecosystem"-i.e.,reuse or recycling facilities require education,awareness-building,and training technical assistance. and/or businesses or organizations that facilitate the to support adoption of higher performance building exchange of building materials. Outline a pathway for rolling out updated statewide practices and new resilience development standards. ' Host community conversations-This step can take place Maine recenU ado ted LD 1656,which allocates building codes-Work with the task force to ouUine a Y p throughout the process.Host community conversations with $100 million to MaineHousin for the develo ment of recommended pathway and timeline for rolling out and g P community groups to discuss opportunities and challenges, hi h erformance affordable housin munici alities ' enforcingthe updated Maine Uniform Building and Energy g P g: P and to build shared understanding about what it will take to will want to consider whether additional ste s are Code and/or adopting a new Stretch Code,if available. P increase building performance in ways that are equitable, needed locall e. reducin develo ment barriers to ' To the extent that there's flexibility,consider a"ramp up° Y( g�� g p ) feasible,antl cost-effective. enable development of high performance and resilient period whereby the updated codes are adopted,but there is affordable housing. a period for training and education,before the codes go into Outline pathways for code enforcement-OuUine pathways ' effect. for meeting additional staff capacity and training needs ��IIIVIIIIIIIIVIIUV�R��NkRNNNVIM��NNRKi� Outline pathways for higher building performance-Work for building code officers to provide technical guidance ��'""""��"��""�� with the task force to outline opportunities to encourage to tlevelopers working to meet the new sYantlartls antl to • Municipal planning departments higher performance standards for specific building types. ensure that new codes and development standards are • Development and construction sector,including local Consider requirements that municipal buildings meet net enforced. developers,contractors,builders,electricians,and others zero energy or Passive House standards as a way to lead Collaborate to build out training and technical assistance in construction trades by example,and/or incentives or requirements for meeting -Work with building trades groups(e.g.,passivhaus • Affordable housing development partners,including Passive House,net zero energy,or an alternative standard Maine)to provide trainings and technical assistance to MaineHousing for buildings over a particular square footage.Communities builders,contractors,developers,and code enforcement • Local and statewide organizations,including Efficiency may choose to start with building incentives before phasing professionals,and to build out new trainings as needed. Maine,passivhaus Maine,and Northeast Energy Efficiency in requirements. Partnerships(NEEP) Launch and monitor in a pilot period-Consider rolling out Consider additional pathways for low embodied carbon the new development standards in a pilot period to assess • Academic partners,includingthe Climate Change Adaptation Providers Network,University of Maine and material reuse-Work with the task force to outline and make revisions as necessary.Host workshops with Cooperative Extension opportunities to encourage the use of materials with individuals across the building and development sector low embodied carbon,the prioritization of building and throughout the rollout to assess what is working and what material reuse,and to encourage building deconstruction adjustments or additional support might be needed. ;<'; /; • : • • �� . r �� i� � +� � ��.�� w �w �'�'� �' � � developmentreviewprocess.Reconcileanyconflictswith ii�Jp�llOVO�I I�II�GbVO° /y�1�CJ,�� II r II,�Dllllli'� ?�°��f�ll�c sill�i��l er�sting lantl use cotles or tlesign stantlartls,which may ��J��r�p� U��ll�"fill.i�AOo/y�tmU,ll�f�llli ,v�A�7l1�1�,�V�r, � include,for example,historic preservation guidelines or P'lara�,u9lhd��;ilia i�u�,��'�,a�ini�{;Qa��.�u��If�a i,;u.�°uleai�u9�rru��; building height maximums. There are a number of efforts at the state level that Launch a task force-Launch a resilience zoning task support movement towards higher performance force to advise on the development and rollout of resilience Launch and monitor in a pilot period-Consider rolling out buildings.Maine will likely adopt IECC 2021 as the the new development standards in a pilot period to assess statewide Maine Uniform Buildin and Ener Code zoning and design standards.Work with members of the g gY and make revisions as necessary.Host workshops with MUBEC in the near-term,which is estimated to building sector-potentially in sub-committees-to identify � � individuals across the building and development sector increase the ener efficienc of new construction b opportunities and challenges,as well as needs for technical �' Y Y throughout the rollout to assess what is working and what 10%above the current base code IECC 2015.The assistance. � � adjustments or additional support might be needed. State also recently adopted LD 1656,which allocates Host community conversations-This step can take place $100 million to MaineHousing for the development of throughout the process.Host community conversations with high performance affordable housing.Building trades community groups to discuss opportunities and challenges, � organizations,such as passivhaus Maine,currently and to build shared understanding about flood risk and provide a number of training programs to support what itwill take to increase flood resilience in ways thatare uifa If�a��;i,;i�`.u[Qai�u��rru9��v Ihda �illa i�u^� builders,contractors,and developers in adopting equitable,feasible,and cost-effective. Launch a task force-Launch a resilient design standards high performance building practices,such as Passive Identify flood models and model parameters-Work with task force to advise on the development and rollout of site House standards. an engineering consultant to complete flood models that design standards.This may be the same,or a separate task force as the flood resilience task force.Work with members New resilience development standards will also build incorporate the combined effects of projected sea level off statewide and local efforts around stormwater rise,storm surge and heavier precipitation.Identify model of the building sector-potentially in sub-committees-to identify opportunities and challenges,as well as needs for management.As part of the State's Municipal parameters to serve as the basis for flood risk zones Separate Storm Sewer System(M54)permitting, (for example,Boston uses the 1%annual chance storm technical assistance. M54 communities(including Bangor,Brewer, for 2070).Completing these models can be expensive; Host community conversations-This step can take place Hampden,Milford,Old Town,Orono,and Veazie in communities may choose to complete models for only throughout the process.Host community conversations with the Penobscot Climate Action Region)are required specific areas with the highest flood risk in order to produce community groups to discuss opportunities and challenges to implement updated low-impact development(LID) a flood resilience overlay district.Alternatively,municipalities related to designing for heavier rain events and heat,and to ordinances that will require developers to utilize LID could use existing data(such as FEMA flood zones and build shared understanding about what it will take to create standards in new development-such as minimizing statewide sea level rise geospatial data),which would not resilient neighborhoods in ways that are equitable,feasible, impervious areas and using nature-based solutions to have the level of granularity or precision for zoning policy, and cost-effective. infiltrate water on-site. but could be used for discussion in development review processes.Consider creating interactive online maps for Define goals for resilient neighborhoods-Drawing from public use. community conversations,work with the task force to prioritize goals for guiding resilient site design standards Develop flood resilience design standards-Develop -for example,goals may include increasing stormwater flood resilience design standards for buildings exposed to infiltration,mitigating the effects of heat,supporting flood risk.Communities may choose to first adopt these as resilient ecosystems,enhancing soil health,or others.The recommended guidelines to be discussed as part of the most beneficial approach to achieving resilience outcomes will depend on the priorities chosen. ;"i „� /; • : • • �� . r �� i� � +� � ��.�� w �w �'�'� �' � Assess current standards-Assess current site tlesign Launch and monitor in a pilot period-Consitler rolling out I@p u�NN�9N�k NFhp��flNl NK�IIIIIIIIRU� Ry&��IIVUNNI�NN sYantlartls for ability to meetthose goals.Itlentify gaps antl the new tlevelopment sYantlartls in a pilot periotl to assess II�llllll4NNN�"N�ftCF�ft�qNftC�F��F�C RCF�fl�q�C��F��C�F��C��C � areas for improvement. antl make revisions as necessary.HosY workshops with • II��c��B.'ou�,g:P Il�a:uiiu��c"a If::,u��cir,g.P��:ana8�c a:uu�a8 IfB��B:u�aroft"iiB:'tt'ira:uiiu�iiu�,g:Pa- Assess precedents-Assess precedents for performance individuals across the building and development sector One day,in-person trainings on understandingthe new throughout the rollout to assess what is working and what energy code,retrofits,and high performance buildings design standards that can improve stormwater for builders,general contractors,architects,code adjustments or additional support might be needed. management,mitigate heat,and/or support ecosystem enforcement officers,planning boards,electricians, resilience in line with identified goals. pwmbers,HVAC,enthusiasts,and more. • C:aro,B ce R�ce arB:Gaceeuoce aroR�B:Vocer?QU?1l IIIC,C:&�'�aroir IfBcee�.iiaHceeir�B:G;:ull Outline pathways for meeting resilience goals- � �.9�u�I�Mrm$.ren I'Vd�Men¢:-A report by Pacific Northwest Outline pathways for meeting the new site standards. National Laboratorythat looks at energy savings and cost- Implementation approaches may include a development ' ��Pa'��°�ani enfl'IIIE?m„¢,a;:�a'D:�'.�.Vvn�^enrktla-nni�M a-nni�M�:6¢aaukhn I�enrktla-nni�M- effectiveness of adopting 2021 IECC for single-family and Partland and South Partland,ME have both adopted IECC review checklist or a resilience score,whereby developers mWti-family residential buildings in Maine. 2021,with the code going into effect in 2021 and 2022, must meet a certain number of resilience points.Consider respectiveiy. • �eay�eat'sa:y u'raa�rmi�:�aar�c naar u�w a�rmia�ks�:aa�liy uae:�raua:�rn�, ways to make the new standards as simple as possible to ¢::rmibea�Mie.�¢M��aurFaearn-Precedents and case studies for • F�cri�apa��N¢uni enfl'�ra�kr��c°No¢:au�Me�Gvn II�Ya��ra�ra�s¢:Nouu�ra��ra-In January implement and enforce,while still having a significant effect municipalities workingto develop embodied carbon 2023,Massachusetts updated its stretch energy code to towaYdS YesilienCe oals. policies,developed bythe Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance, g align with IECC 2021(with Massachusetts amendments). One Click LCA,and Architecture 2030. Atthat point,300 of 351 communities had already opted �:�.a in to the previous stretch code showing the recognition • �Prn�:��BYrmi�aske;�u'�aukaur�:�F&y�p�:�rn¢MVx-Appendix C of Portland �;b4S°I�u1f'�;b4SIfW''�uIIII:YIF.iillEdd1fIIP,�IfW''�u w„pu� of its importance.All communities that had adopted the and South Portland's climate plan outlines potential previous stretch code will now automatically follow the approaches for resilience zoning at both city-and site- • Dependingonmunicipalcapacity,muchofthistoolkitwill updatedstretchcode,unlesstheyopttofollowthestate's scales. likely be completed in-house;consultant costs to support more strin ent"s ecialized stretch code" the development of zoning and design standards may g� p� • �.w¢a�u@hne.rni I'Wd�a�iwne.I�Vaaiiviviwng,^„.aiim¢M�'kurere:�V¢nprrng,^„.�rawmirmir.^,fa�arn range from$20k-$150k,depending on scope. • IPkerm'.Pn�Me�I�env�ktla-�ni�M Vke rNde:�rnc�e:i`enniGrngg;�-Partland,ME is �'�u�� ail ud¢^,sk&¢rna�¢ u�d¢r,s�aru�ur¢:¢r^a-SMPDC provides model currently in the process of updating its land use code to ordinance language related to stormwater management • It will also be important to consider costs for hiring and/ build resilience and reduce climate risk. and coastal resilience. or training municipal staff for code enforcement,and ways to leverage partnerships(and cost sharing)with regional • �'a�aiwmoktwucM�'¢:B:tlNwmoa�ke.Ilke..rN6e:�rnc�e./enniPw�igg;�-Cambridge, • 6i&au�cMe Vrrne,s�a¢uw�u'�'&auen�M F&a�e��a�kaukaauw�fl'¢ur u�d'¢.Nn�brlrR�uk�f�n$�, organizations to support education and training in the MA updated its zoningto address both flood and heat ��°'a��upo�'�.��uol�Miwng„.va-The National Park Service provides construction sector. resilience.This presentation provides recommendations guidelines for adapting historic buildings to flood risk. firom the City's climate resiliencetaskfiorce,which . �,wmi¢roa��upv I�Raainuvrrn$�.F&,�a��s�aru�r��k�fruwn QF&I�F&p u�d¢r^.ru�ur¢:¢r^.-APA were ultimately adopted by the City;specific zoning collates a wide range of resources;Check out the Climate NyIIIYIIIIIII III�%I�I"III recommendations start on page 48. Development Review Checklist and the Climate Ordinance IIIIII II�II h �P�.v.. h' II C�II I��I I IIIII�I I Iln�l III II 10 I In1�10111111 I�I I��I I�101�1II I I�I Inl • "o¢awmn��vwNtlCe:B�r�*eni"n¢:aar��-Somerville,MA integrates Summary,in particular. • IIVYau&vne;8.'„PnwmowmouuvnP��y,�¢°ko¢ani B�raunr��ra-Fundingfior climate climate resilience standards fior new development into its . �,gynler¢rr+xi�R�y¢ufl''I'Vd�rme.�Birmi�t��k�e�`�fv�ni$�,�r�F&a�e��akauk�fauw� mitigation and adaptation effarts,including capacity zoning ordinances by using a"Green Score."The Green I�ra�aertctie:�r!;.V��r��daanc�-CCAP provides toolkits,resources, building,planning and implementation projects. Score focuses on landscaping standards for stormwater and data(including Maine flood risk models). management and heat mitigation;see page 463 for more • IIV�k,�IF��uvn�Me�M 4'e;a�NowiPa°uV,�,,t�ra�ka-�nic�e,fl�env If�.�uuG6cMuvn��If:u�ie;r�Y details. 8;ra�Me�^:-Grants to states or units of local government with code making authority to adopt updated building ' Il�envff¢aVk Ilke..'r@tie:�rna°e�P�uu¢ar�'¢e�rn�-This article by Pew energy codes,zero energy codes,or equivalent codes or Charitable trust summarizes how Norfolk,VA adapted its standards. zoning code to incorporate resilience. �, %ri ,�-,r �� i �/��ii, � ,��%%��% %'��i , �%,��% , �,, � �' �� GHG .•.� I�; iir�ir �� 1 j a�� i�i V�N� V�N� C��'' I C� C� �� .:.�., PENOBSCOT ,� A+ CLIMATE ACTION � ' I I I Description of the Action ' How This Action Supports the Goals of Energy efficient homes have cheaper utility bills,provide ' 2}Expand financial support for retrofits-Create Penobscot Climate Action better protection in extreme weather,and produce fewer a local program that can supplement and expand the � Equity and Environmental Justice.Ensuring that greenhouse gas emissions—contributing to a more rebates and financial incentives offered by Efficiency Maine, ° housing retrofits are accessible to residents with low affordable,resilient,and low-carbon community.A wide making energy efficient retrofits even more accessible incomes,older adults,residents with disabilities, range of organizations and initiatives support housing and affordable.Bangor is currenUy using Community new Mainers,renters,and other priority populations retrofits throughout the State and region:Efficiency Maine Development Block Grant(CDBG)program funds to provide -through expanded financial support,specialized and MaineHousing offer financing incentives,information, <ne�c�iil:ii�rirr�<nll ireallaA�l.r:.^�of up to$2,000 to low-to moderate- programs,and targeted outreach-will ensure that and technical assistance;initiatives like retrofitMAINE, income homeowners to help cover any remaining costs everyone has access to the cost-savings,comfort, Window Dressers,and the Maine Energy Americorps above Efficiency Maine rebates for heat pump installation resilience,and environmental health benefits that Program offer outreach,education,implementation and weatherization.This program could be modeled energy efficient housing can provide. support,and trainings;and workforce development similarly,but would focus on also providing support to Environmental Health.Increasing housing energy partners,including the Maine Community College system, landlords to ensure energy efficiency benefits are accessible "' efficiency will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and are expanding a skilled workforce for building retrofits.The to renters,as well.Retrofits could focus on weatherization, other pollutants,slowing the effects of climate change Penobscot Climate Action region can build on these state energy efficiency,electrification,and/or renewable energy with the additional potential to improve indoor air and local initiatives to create an expanded and coordinated options. quality. program to support housing retrofits in the region.This 3}Connect residents with retrofit resources,case Community Resilience.Energy efficient housing program could include the following components studies,and testimonials-This component would °` can decrease energy cost burden,increase healthy 1)Connect residents to energy audits-This focus on outreach and community conversations with living conditions,and better protect residents in homeowners,landlords, ro ert mana ers,and renters extreme weather,contributing to a healthier,safer, component would involve working with a network p p Y g and more resilient community. of community partners and/or a team of"Energy about opportunities for energy efficiency and/or renewable Ambassadors"that would lead outreach and connect and resilient energy system retrofits and the barriers or < Regional Collaboration.This action requires homeowners and landlords with resources to complete an challenges that residents may be facing when trying to °` knowledge,resources,and capacity of the local energy audit Energy audits will help identify the highest take action.The goal would be to develop a set of tailored community to support,and will foster collaboration resources,testimonials,and or other su ort as needed to between regional groups,initiatives,academic priority actions for increasing energy efficiency,provide / pp hel residents navi ate those challen es.This could be led partners,and companies during implementation. residents with next steps and resources,and ensure that P g g residents are able to strategically weatherize their homes so ' and developed in collaboration with community partners that any future installations of energy efficient heating and supporting building retrofits,or with an undergraduate or cooling systems are more effective. ' graduate school class or program. ''�, (conYinued on page 2) , � , ,-. , . , ,; , , �,„; - - /�, .,,, „�„ , ,,. „r ....... /; • : • f Y Y B 4 4�� f'Y'f f f Steps for Implementation (conYinued from page 1) � � ..... ......... ......... ......... ......_. � � ......... ......... ......... ......... 4)Create partnerships with workforce development dna�i�i��u��Ihd��iu9��u��[ ��vifl�Ih!'�u��ir;yfhi.uu��i��,��; Il.�tllztiuiriwil II uui��ui��ll�Rll°auullzllz�i�fY.Pfi7ir Ildrc';�P.irfi7PihP.s'� partners-Identify ways to strengthen connections Launch a campaign with a coalition-Launch a campaign Identify the scope of the program-Identify the range between workforce development programs,and the to support homeowners and landlords in completing an of activities that will be supported through the program residents who will be making housing retrofits through energy audit.This may include building out a network -for example,weatherization,energy efficiency, the housing retrofit campaign.Ensure that local workforce of local community partners who can champion this electrification,and/or renewable energy retrofit options. development programs are setting up students to become outreach(e.g.,Maine Energy Americorps,retrofitMAINE, Identify whether the program will specifically aim to reach certified/authorized vendors through Efficiency Maine. Window Dressers)and/or hiring a team of part-time certain communities,demographics,or types of property 5)Consider a regional approach-Consider creating energy ambassadors to lead outreach.Seek out energy owners and whether the program will have any eligibility a regional sustainability energy coordinator position ambassadors who bring an abilityto connect and personally requirements. that could coordinate with utilities around data requests relate to people who have lived experience that may make Establish expanded financing structure-Work with on behalf of municipalities in the region,serve as a it more challenging to pursue energy retrofits-including Efficiency Maine to develop a funding structure whereby spokesperson and coordinator of regional energy projects, people who are low-income,people with disabilities,older as well as coordinate this type of building retrofit campaign atlults,people who primarily speak a language other than ,, at a regional scale.If this building retrofits program were to English,and New Mainers,among other priority populations. „ be implementetl regionally,a municipal cost-share structure Outreach shoultl also focus on connecting with lantllortls to � i � woultl neetl to be esiablishetl to offer the expantletl ensure rental properties are able to benefit.Outreach may ,� financial support to residents across communities. inclutle activities at community events;workshops hostetl "�' � � -..4 :,,' ° + ��IIIJppIIJ��NRNNNNN�I�NRK�( by community-basetl organizations,community groups,or �' "� IIIVIIIII � �� IIClIl�lll4NN��CNC�N��NF�fl��FCft associations;tloor-to-tloor outreach;ativeKisements in local • Organizations that support energy and building retrofits, media outlets;podcast episodes;or other creative means. I:� such as Efficiency Maine,retrofitMaine,passivhausMaine, � � � � k Connect residents with(free)energy audits-Conneci � � %i � Window Dressers,and the Maine EnergyAmericorps i i//r i � ' ) Program residents with Efficiency Maine,Campus Climate Action 1� �� " ��'� � Corps programs(e.g.,at UMaine),antl/or other local energy �� flll��i�( �,� • State partners,such as MaineHousing and the Maine r��i Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy service provitlers that provitle energy autlits.If energy autlits ,�, �� ,, � � � � �uw6 are not alreatly offeretl for free,itlentify ways to provitle gap � y • Communities with success in building retrofit programs, ; I�ri�" j financin ,throu h rant fundin ,third art artnershi s,or such as the Penobscot Nation g g g g p Y p p � f �1 another source. �� '��y t ' • Homeowners,landlords,and landlord associations i�- � �� itili a ��1'�i� � r�f • Construction sector,such as approved/registered Gather energy audit data-Set up means to collect tlata � ��. ,�� 1�� contractors through Efficiency Maine on who is reached throu h the outreach,who ursues an � � • Academic partners and building trades and certification energy audit,and the energy retrofits recommended from ��i � � prograros,such as Eastern Maine Community College and the energy autlit This tlata will both help in assessing � ��,��i ��ip ��j�/f/%/ �� %f��kv KennebecValleyCommunityCollege ��„ �� .:,,, �!1;;,,',„� "�``;; . the impact of the outreach,as well as supportfollow-up � �� •�� - outreach related to funding,technical assistance,or other . i lins� u P irrt,'i �," i �&'I'iii<�'ri.<, I '�31 i „�h�i.o ,�� support related to home energy retrofits. � r„,,- ;, i�,� i, , i,uii�i�i�� y i,�:� i,x r� ;� /; • : • f Y Y B 4 4�� f'Y'f f f themunicipalityprovidesadditionalincentives/financial � � ii��f�lllill0�r D��(�VO° /y�l��C�°' II ill;�lllllli�� ?�°��f�Jl'�s�ll�i��I support on top of what is offered through current Efficiency __ ��J��r�p� U�llll�"fill�i�AOo/y�t�U,ll�f�llli �v�A�7i1�1�,�V�r, � Maine programs.This program could be capitalized through g fi�p��p��r rg�p,Ildr ua'il�„Iri�1�. ��IIP.IIi�IIb'rc�Y.Irfi7PIIP.IId'�„,��7ulllr�r,'��,6��R',ri„ Community Development Block Grant funding,particularly , Maine's climate plan,Maine Won't Wait,sets targets u[iiu9ia.a�;y ii�u9 V� i@:i[i�a�i�l�rl��; to reach low-income households,and supplemented for transitioning to cleaner and energy efficient through other Federal/State funding for energy efficiency Set up a partnership for expanding retrofit resources— heating and cooling systems,and for accelerating efforts.To the extent possible,consider models whereby the Develop a partnership(or a set of partners)to collaborate energy efficiency improvements.Much of this work service provider is paid directly by the program(rather than With on the development of retrofit resources,which may is being rolled out through programs,resources,and requiring that the homeowner or landlord front the cost). include local non-profits or advocacy organizations or an incentives coordinated through Efficiency Maine and undergraduate or graduate school class or program.Identify MaineHousing.Efficiency Maine offers resources,tools, Consider rolling out a bulk buy program-Consider What would be needed(funding,academic credit,learning and tips to homeowners(as well as for businesses rolling out a bulk purchasing program as an alternative opportunities,etc.)for the partnership to be valuable for all and municipalities),and provides incentives for energy or additional way to reduce the cost of renewable and/or parties. efficiency projects including heat pumps,weatherization, energy efficient technology(such as heat pumps or solar and appliances.MaineHousing likewise provides hot water sysYems)for resitlents.In a bulk purchasing ��IIIIIIIV�!kR�NINfl�Y�ypqN�NI NKttytt��IIII4IIIIRU� Ry&i��i��1d1Vup€NI�NN programs to assist low-income residents improve program,the municipality coortlinates a"bulk purchase"of ��II�I�ll4NNN�"NkR��N�CN�CCq��F�C��CCF��F��Cq��CCq��fl weatherization,purchase energy efficient equipment, a particular technology at a tliscount,which allows resitlents . II��c��B.'ou�,�:P Il�a:uiiu��c"a If::,u��cir,g.P�a:ana8�c a:uu�a8 IfB��B:u�aroft"iiB:'ttira:uiiu�iiu�,�:Pa and offset energy costs. to access that technology at a reduced price. -One-day,in-person local trainings on understanding the new energy code,retrofits,and high performance Locally,the Penobscot Nation on Indian Island has buildings for builders,general contractors,architects, been working to install heat pumps in homes of Tribal ' code enforcement officers,planning boards,electricians, members with the greatest need,and recently received plumbers,HVAC,enthusiasts,and more. an EPA grant to install 150 more.The Penobscot Nation • �:6¢uaukhn 16^enrktianni�M IC:;Ve:��rony IC:;ar�rvykhnimip;�16^raup��auwmo-South Partland,ME launched a municipal program that offered ' IC:Cn�iiciiceeirocy Il�;:uiiirocer-Efficiency Maine provides guidance, is simultaneously launching a Wabanaki workforce rebates that extend beyond what is offered by Efficiency tools,and resources for building retrofits. development initiative that will support the community's Maine. • irceeB:u�aroRiiB:V�dS,.IIII�IC::,-retrofitMAINE provides technical ability to expand residential energy efficiency retrofits. , � information,data,and case studies on building retrofits. Man other workforce develo ment artners,includin • II..e�xGvngg;@¢ani IMe:�a-��k�:nwmoa-�rk Ib raap;��auwmo-Lexington,MA Y p p g launched a program in collaboration with the I ic.�a�`i;rr�ear�C • II�uuII�B.Gtt�,:uuvniillyr IfB�i�B:u�aroft'iiB:"�aroarollll�uB:-Toolkit by Enterprise Green Maine'S Community College System,aYe woYking to Alli<anccthat offered incentives,outreach,and advising Communities with guidance for retrofitting multifamily expand relevant green building trades.Kennebec Valley to homeowners. buiidings Community College in Fairfield,for example,just opened • "�«uaxarouvn«u Ilu�a�arouvna��n�uu�ullliRoa��naq If�iraul�na,ir�B:ror 6�w�ara�uvna��nu��B:� • I'Vdr�i�ne r 6�auicMdt��keu�"BNrmi�t��k�e;�urna�¢rmk�twe:�s�a-A State resource a new heat pump woYkfoYCe tYaining lab in 2(721. -Example of incentives and resources for landlords, that provides guidance and highlights financial support established through collaboration with the local utility. through Efficiency Maine,MaineHousing,and Federal Tax This action builds on,expands,and fosters coordination • If.ffiaro.B:aroiro If�aeBarauRiiB:If�ae.cuuuira�a�e IfHuulh�-Example of a Credits aCYOss this wide Yange Of initiatives that CUYYently clearinghouse of resources for building retrofits for all �.°roRwaarke�„.y ud'�re:aawmirmi¢rn¢My�kfrarnv;,kea I'WdrRig„.a�ke:�¢rmir sa�arnv;, support bulld'Ing retrofits,Includ'Ing connecting resldents types ofi properties. aaini¢M"�.bau��aprur�k u�d¢i��s�aelru;uva��i�fen I'Wd r�rme.IF9�urf�Mirn$�,�s�a-A report to existing funding and technical assistance offered by provided to the Maine Climate Council from the Buildings, Efficlency Malne and MalneHousing.Thls toolklt also Infrastructure,and Housing Working Group dovetails closely with Toolkit#7(Developing resources for businesses)and Toolkit#$(Supporting green workforce development). ;"`� °1 /; • : • f Y Y B 4 4�� f'Y'f f f ��d�� II Identify information and other resource needs-Work ill V°i iiii�i i imli iii li io i ini Vo iiiili i�i°illi i�io i�i ii i�i mi with partners to connect with homeowners and landlords If�ruir�rurulllkli�Iiirmu�alla:irmua:inraau�Gruini: • If:C9ftiia�iiariroa�ror IIPm�uiiiroa�e Iliroa�a�eir�B:ii�ae,Raroir IlPmuullB:iiRauuvniiller If.ffiuuiillaqiiir�gP�, about where they run into sticking points when considering . IIVNauV¢nsa e.;cnwmowmoauvn��y,�¢.ko¢ani B��.raunr�^:-Fundingfor climate -List of incentives and financing options for commercial or pursuing building retrofits,and what additional resources mitigation and adaptation effarts,including capacity buildings(including mWtifamily buildings with three units may be needed to take advantage of Efficiency Maine or building,planning and implementation projects. or more). MaineHousing YeSouYCes. • 8,'„ruwmowmouuenG�ky II:�e;we;V¢upawmoe;nr�If�.�R¢ac°M1�B�raunr�QB.:I�If�&�y fl'uuencM&rngg;�- • IIVYauuvne IM¢a�u,aPrngg;��VNea�kNoe�r6��;��ku¢uni I�vauP;��auwmo- Fundingthat can be allocated to a program tofund building MaineHousings Weatherization Program provides grants Develop resources-Develop resources to address gaps, retrofits,particularlyfor housing retrofits for low-income to low-income homeowners and renters to reduce energy collaborating with Efficiency Maine and MaineHousing in families.Communities that are not CDBG entitlement costs by improving home energy efficiency. the process.ftesources may inclutle expantletl information, communities would need to apply fior CDBG fiunding. • IIVNau&vne;IM¢u�u�raPrngg;�IMe:�a��k Ib'�auwmopa I�vaup;��auwmo-MaineHousings ConneCtions to loCal SeYviCe pYovitleYs,oY testimonials antl 'Y'Pne�IC:u�ierNvauniwmn�>nr�aiV kau,�ku¢.e:�BBauer��vmiwmn�>nr�-�¢a..s�snare;�rvnwmoe;nr� heat pump program pays fiar the cost and installation ofi a Case Studies fYom otheY Community membeYs. 16^rauF��aaiwmo-"Provides funding at the state,local,territorial, heat pump for eligible Maine homeowners. and Tribal level to suppart government activities that lead . Il�e:�wd IC:;�nip;tlanni�M B��.rau^.^:Ilkencn�^:IF'�uvn�M-Provides fundingfor Connect people seeking retrofits to trades programs to measurable environmental or public health impacts in community based climate action initiatives. -Work with trades training programs to connect new communities disproportionately burdened by environmental contractors with home retrofit projects facilitated through harms."The Penobscot Nationjust received a$1 million this program.See Toolkit#8(Supporting green workforce grantto install 150 heat pumps in homes of Tribal citizens development)for more details. with the greatest need. If,u�aroir,g�arlf,9R6ciiacu�a�p uu�aq&�arou�aa��nir�«u2liarou�lE�IlaroarlleP�ir«uu�B:lf�irau,@�Pir«uuvn �"�,�,�" ' �N,,,�v '�f��h�WijP,61�✓0��j��G��O��? illl�)�W�� I,� Qlf,lf,�.':If�6.y-Federal fiunding designated to assiststates, � �I�I q �� local governments,and Tribes in implementing strategies to ' �,4S'y1f'�;oKPIfW'yllll:blh:iill'�Edd'1f'IIP,�IfW"y reduce energy use,to reduce fiossil fiuel emissions,and to � The scale of the program to support building retrofits improve energy efficiency. ��, - m�;� � 1 (and the scale of financial support)can be calibrated to • ��8:«ixdar IEffia��us�avq IMarouvna� If n�a�ir,gPror If:�9Rliciiacu�a�y&�arou�B:ir«uw��B:aroir'tt'ir«uiiu�iiu�,yP ��fi � fit available funding streams.Bangor has traditionally g,;:.p,.ai�i�P,-^This program provides$200 million in grants , f� provided up to$2,000(per home)in additional incentives fior States to develop and implement a State program �� "� ;I �� beyond whaYs provided by Efficiency Maine. which shall provide training and education to contractors � �V��" � �� . involved in the installation of home ener efficienc and U �� '��. �`��. • Beyond direct financial incentives,the primary cost is gY Y (�� staff time to coordinate the program and compensation electrification improvements,including improvements �� i��°�' �`�"' � „�, for additional ro ram staff o. Enor Ambassadors to oligiblo fior robatos undor a HOMES or HEEHRA robato �D '�� " �`` �'�j ��`� a'"�� p � C ��, �Y ) '�`� lead outreach,connect residents to audits,and to develop program:' ,,j/ �� resources,case studies,and testimonials. � � p „ n � ��1uom� • Consider partnerships with nonprofits and academic 14�anir ft'uuuraqlium,�.��„anir�liur�ura 6um,�.��„Ilranau„siium�A„iraa��iran�li��,: �° �� programs who may already be doing similar work or /r � �� seeking similar goals in order to share costs,staff capacity, ' If::,9Rliciia�u�a�p IIPm«uiiu�a��n If�a 6aqa!nu�B.li«ull Ilu�a�crou�B.'o�ara-List ofi rebates and discounts(and fiederal tax credits)fior homeowners � �,�� or educational opportunities.Consider coordinatingthe , �� program regionally to share costs. investing in energy efficiency and renewable energy, with differenttiers of support based on income.Rental properties with one or two units qualifiy fior these incentives. %,�;��?' >" I , i I i 1-;c"li lit,i lolt,i I�I�I"'�1 ;i�, I'��I,' rl `-%ri „ /��/i��i% %io ///// / ��i ' „ ��i ��/ %/� ///� l ��aii�;��/� I(YO�I�Pd �i/i/ � „ ' � ��i��% �/ //, o�I� ��1�I�fIIII II II�IIIIII��DII�IIIIIDIIIIIIIIIIII�1IIIIO��IIIJI�IIIDIIIJJIIII�IIIJJJJII�IIIII�II IIIIIIII II�II�JJII ,� „ , rJ/%j %� ///// GHG ` �� U11��r�1 � �✓,�� U11��,1 rJrl, rJrl,�rJrl� � � i�� ;�;,,,,� �� j,��;, Q � � lll � ( luuu�ui��l i��hii-<<�y�r �iii�>> � ��)�1»�i��1�»i�i��ii�o�l i> >l�»��11i�)�i�ll»��'. � ' ' � � �� i1� a -� �% • i�% , � � � PENOBSCOT � ,, � �� CLIMATE ACTION / e / Description of the Action ' Steps for Implementation How This Action Supports the Goals of A Capacity Building Strategy for the Community Connector � Penobscot Climate Action bus system will itlentify pathways for meeting current � �� '�°, Equity and Environmental Justice.Public resource antl capacity gaps,as well as pathways for �; �I n�a7,i.i i�ul�vva7,r�f�� transportation increases access to affordable meeting resource and capacity needs at various levels of ' transportation options,especially for individuals who growth.This action would be primarily led by the City of Launch the process with the BACTS Transit Committee are not able to drive or not able to afford a private Bangor,as the operator of the Community Connector bus -The Transit Committee,which focuses on regional vehicle. system,with support from the Bangor Area Comprehensive collaboration around the operations of the Community �`%� Environmental Health.Publiotransportation Transportation System(BACTS)and the Transit Committee; Connector,woultl spearheatl the tlevelopment of the � reduces the number of trips taken in a private vehicle, nevertheless,collaboration and involvement of municipal capacity building strategy.The Transit Committee includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other forms and tribal governments not yet served by the Community staff from the Community Connector and the municipalities of air pollution. Connector bus network,as well as other key stakeholders that financially contribute to the operation of the public (e.g.,education and medical institutions),will both benefit transit system;consider if and how the committee can ” Community Resilience.Access to resources- su ort artici ation from other constituents e. Whether thaYs healthcare,groceries,school,or the process and be imperative for working together towards PP P P ( g.,staff a job-is critical for community resilience.Public public transportation goals as a region. from local governments that may be served in the future by transportation expands access to resources both day- ' the Community Connector,staff from local transit providers to-day and in an emergency. Through the Penobscot Climate Action process, such as Penquis,or others)that may have insight important community members emphasized the importance of to the capacity building strategy. " Regional Collaboration.The Community Connector public transportation in advancing equity,climate justice, ' bus system operates at a regional scale.Developing community resilience,carbon mitigation,and regional Understand community-driven visions for public this strategy calls on local governments in the region collaboration goals.To continue to make progress towards transit-Draw on recent and ongoing transportation to work together to strategize around resource a robust public transit system,it will require both meeting planning processes that have gathered or are currenUy constraints and make a joint commitment towards current capacity gaps,and scaling up resources,funding, collecting insight on community-driven visions for public growing the transit system. and staff capacity to make that growth possible.The goal of ', transportation in the region.Use this insight to assess: this toolkit is to more clearly understand"what it will take" What kind of support is there for growth in the public transit to both meet current needs and strategically grow the public ' system?When community members are envisioning the transit system as a region. future of the public transportation system,what are they envisioning?Focus on the insight of community members who will be most impacted by climate change,in particular, including older adults,residents with disabilities,and low- �, , � income resitlents,among other priority populations.Use this � , , ,, , �� „"i /; • : • f „ se. 9�. R 8.: �i:��(�lllill0�r e�:ll�(�ll0° /�rrp��r°' II v�lla��llll0!; °��/�(�l��C�'�ll�i��l insightto contextualize current resource antl capacity neetls shortages in vehicles,tlrivers,atlministrative staff,or other ��J��r�1 �i.�llll�"fili ID�I�/��2�U ll�fnllli v�:�'��1� '�V�r�� (phase 2),as well as to define a set of growth scenarios in constraints. � line with community goals(phase 3). This action builds off of and complements a number of Host strategic planning workshops-Host strategic actions that are already underway,which are working planning workshops with town and city councils to towards a more robust and high-quality public transit discuss gaps and to identify,assess,and further develop system,including: potential solutions.This step could occur at multiple points concurrently with developing a suite of pathways for meeting ' Implementing a fixed stop system(as opposed to Gh a i i�� i i�u9 IW(a�!��l i i��,dni.i i°iv�i�l Ihd�aa�,i.i ra��pa i�u� the current flag-stop operation),and building out capacity neetls(below). 4'�bea I�Qan,ify kda�u9 a amenities based on stop type; Identify pathways for meeting capacity needs-Consider Outline the capacity of the current Community Connector � implementing smart bus technology systems, partnering with a consultantto supportthis step.Together, system-Outline the current service provided(e.g.,total including real-time bus tracking,mobile payment research,identify,and evaluate potential pathways for service miles per week and/or other metrics)as well as options,and trip planning functionality on the meeting capacity needs through new financing structures, the capacity and resource requirements to operate the Community Connector website and on third-party funding sources,as well as other potentially cost-effective Community Connector sustainably at that scale(e.g., apps(e.g.,Google Maps); service solutions.This process will likely include: number of buses,drivers,administrative staff,operational budget,capital budget,etc.). • Exploring cost-effective service models,such as ' Conducting a study on how to expand service in the microtransit or vanpool/vanshare programs,that near-term,including specifically evening service, Assess resource and capacity gaps-Outline current with the plan to launch pilots based on findings; could meet capacity needs or expand service without gaps that may be preventing the system from operating at substantially raising costs.Currently it is difficult to • Conducting a fare structure analysis to identify full capacity.Resource or capacity constraints may include attract and retain drivers with a commercial driver how to improve the fare structure to be affordable IIJIVIIIIIIIIJVIIUVpyp.kkNNN1VM��NNR�tl Vu license(CDL);micro-transit may expand the qualified and equitable,while also eliminating Community ��IICl�lll4��NqC��C��N��N��ftd�flq�� labor pool if a CDL isn't requiretl,antl vanpool or Connector staff burden; vanshare programs may sidestep that challenge • City of Bangor,Community Connector altogether. ° Launching and running a free commercial drivers • BACTS and the Transit Committee(with representatives license(CDL)training program through the City of municipalities thatfinancially supportthe Community • Looking into models for restructuring how the of Bangor that connects participants with bus Connector system) Community Connector is funded so that municipal driver and municipal public works positions to fill • Local neighboringgovernments currently not yet served costs are consistent and can be expected a number of employment gaps. by the Community Connector bus network yeaYS Out.Building a COnSiStent funding StYUCtuYe wOuld allow the Communit Connector to build and draw from Climate Action Toolkits#4 and#5 will also further • Additional local transit and paratransit service providers, Y such as Penquis savings,rather than requesting funding on a project-by- support the growth of a robust and high-quality transit system. • Community constituents who depend on,or who could pYojeCt basis. most benefitfrom,access to affordable,accessible public � Exploring new or expanded revenue streams, transit which may include modified municipal cost-sharing • State and Federal partners,such as MaineDOT and the StruCtuYes,gYants,paYtneYships,oY otheY Yevenue . Federal Transit Administration(FTA) streams.Consider business and community �� partnership opportunities as outlined in Toolkit#4. ;<'; /; • : • f „ se. 9�. R 8.: Outline and implement promising pathways-Outline research,identify,and evaluate potential pathways for and implement promising pathways to meet resource and meeting capacity needs.These will likely include expanded � capacity needs.Establish regular points for the Transit models of what is identified for meeting existing needs and/ • i�uuVudaVvn�;uae:w�rn�uue:�oeauura:e:P:d:�a'�.�.�,�-articie in nnass Committee to evaluate whether the pathways are meeting or potential pathways that may seem most viable within a Transit,highlighting examples of different revenue i ntended outcomes. longer timeframe. streams used by four different transit agencies. �:1 i.i f I i i�i i��!ti IW Qa[I��ve��a�;��i �I.�i°ayvtv[Ilro d.1 i��,a�i i�i��4 na�,[i�[i�i.u u�r i f y 4 na�,i�.��r'ai i �P P[i a�i�!�; �Ilup�ud NN�NN�M Phh�1'�NN NI NM�UIIIIIIIRGh� NN��IIVVUNN NN Create growth scenarios-Use the community-tlriven Host a series of community conversations-Bring the ��II�lIlllll4NNN�NN��q�N�ft�N��ft��ttC��9��ft��ft��N� visions to craft a set of growth scenarios,such as a slight findings of the capacity building strategy to a wide range • u.cna.ul u uuivarrwn�,a�psksaarnva naar�au�roBoa:u"rauim,�ararksukfaarn��c��p- growth in service,medium growth,and robust growth over of community spaces to discuss opportunities for growing This study bythe Victoria Transport Policy Institute compiles a wide range of literature and research documenting different timeframes.The scenarios could be defined by the public transportation system and what it would take to potential revenue streams for public transit systems.The a percent increase in service;for example,the"medium invest in this growth as a region.These spaces may include, Institute is based in Canada,but most revenue streams are growth scenario°may be defined by a 15%increase for example,town/city councils,local universities,large also applicable within the States. in service miles per week.it is recommended that the employers,youth spaces,among others.The goal would . ��laa¢::a:rarnrawmita:uwmi�sy�e:k ean'I�au�roBoa:l"raa�im,�ararksa�kfaarn scenarios avoid specifying specific routes or changes in be to both continue to build support for the public transit uenwe:v;,�wmi�:rntt��c��c�p-This study modeis the economic service;however,it would be useful to note what that system,as well as share ways that business or community impact of investing in public transportation,and provides increase could look like(e.g.,this increase would allow for partnerships may help play a role in expanding sources of a great"business case"for the Community Connector night and weekend service at a given frequency,etc.). revenue.See Toolkit#4 for more details. growth scenarios.The study looks atthree different growth scenarios(business as usual,medium growth,and larger Outline capacity and resource requirements-Using growth)and models the benefits to the economy and cost the baseline scenario as a reference,ouYline the capacity �„o�p?'y�p'�„o�pl�aypp:ylh:;�;p'��p'�p'pQ,�l�ay � savings to residents and businesses(fior both users and non-users of public transit)correlated with every dollar and YeSouYCe YequiYements to meet eaCh of the gYowth . gACTS is able to lead the planning process;BACTS staff invested. scenarios,including staff capacity,operating costs,and time and any consultant fees can be covered by FTA capital budget Consider potential needs for expanded §5303 urban rransit P�anning Funds. • '1'."waaiiv,�srarksaikfaarn umere,skwmi�:�rntt waw aike.�,n„y'Ti'eaeat�'kaa�aurmi�:rntt,aikfaarn Q,�4.�u,�'J��p-The Transportation InvestmentStrategyTool administrative capacity(e.g.,grant writing,legal support), • Funding sources and financing pathways for meeting was developed to help states or regions in the northeast and what it might take to retain drivers(e.g.,cost- resource and capacity needs will be identified through the calculate potential outcomes of various low-carbon COmpetitiVe SalaYies and benefits). capacity building strategy. transportation strategies.See section 4.5.2"Bus Operating Improvements"(page 43)for assumptions that may be Host StYategiC planning woYkshops-Host StYategiC useful for developing the growth scenarios,such as the planning workshops with town and city councils to discuss Illlulll�lll III�II " �I estimated percent change in ridership per percent change resource and capacity needs to enable growth and to �I��II�I IIII�I I Ilnll III II 10 I In1110111111 I�Ih I��I I�II01�1II I�I Inl I in service level" identify,assess,and fuYtheY develop potential Solutions. • FTA§5303 Urban Transit Planning Funds tofacilitate the • F&I�"I'RW"I"rauim^as@�VN¢arklaara:�:��.whnrapkaug,^„�:�Q��4.�u,�'�p-This report This step could occur at multiple points concurrenUy with development of the capacity building strategy(includingthe summarizes root causes of driver shortages and provides developing a suite of pathways for meeting capacity needs. planning process and any consWtant costs). recommendations for meeting workforce needs. Identify pathways for meeting capacity needs-Consider partnering with a consultantto supportthis step.Together, I! j , , . � , � Y1! � "�r+, �.;� . I � f . � w."a" . / . � ' � %/��, l� a r //- / / / r , / / i / I � J I s/ � Jl1 J J 1 1111 l 11111111111111J 1J111 JJJ U 11111J1111JJ1 11111 Ill llll�l�lJl(1 (' � 11 1 1 i; l I1 1l1 � o J J l l 1 1 l i� i� ; 1 �� 1 �� 1�jr, ,,ll � ... �� II�I I OI IJIII I�fI�JI� I�II �J ( 1J1�1�� I��I� r'� � �„� � �'�� ' � �i � GHG �� r �� 19, �I� �I� U � � ��,. ,�r, � �//J/��j% + °' � 1 �' w � - a PENOBSCOT � ,, � �� CLIMATE ACTION Y � / D�SCCIpt1011 Of th�ACt1011 ones to be convenient for employee commutes.Employer How This Action Supports the Goals of ' sponsorship,or pay-in,can be a method of bringing Penobscot Climate Action The primary action of this toolkit is to foster partnerships ' revenue into the transit system in addition to increasing with local businesses and key community organizations ridership among employees and others who may also Equity and Environmental Justice.A key around active and public transit These partnerships can use the route.This strategy can also apply to any larger " aim of transit partnerships with businesses and benefit the transportation system in the region by increasing ', apartment complexes in the region who may be interested organizations is to expand public and active funding for transit services through advertising and potential ', in convenient transit as a selling-point for tenants,and to transportation systems.Safe and reliable transit route sponsorships,sharing resources and information options make it more affordable to commute and senior centers or living facilities that may want to establish about transportation options to make them more easily reach community resources and necessities,and or expand mobility options. accessible and increase ridership,and expanding the ' make these essential activities more accessible for reach of public and active transit opportunities.This action Vanpool/Vanshare Program-Establish a vanpool/ individuals who can't afford or aren't able to drive a can be implemented through some or all of the following vanshare program in areas that aren't served by existing personal vehicle. components bus routes.Residents can sign up and rent a van for a Environmental Health.More robust and successful certain regular commute or other trip with a small group of "' public and active transportation systems reduce Transportation Hub Website-Create a singie website eo le.This service can be available for a monthl fee s lit p p Y p greenhouse gas and other emissions by reducing that is a one-stop shop for all transportation-related between all participating vanpool members,set based on individual vehicle trips. information for the region.The site can house information duration and frequency.This is often much more affordable and link to the Community Connector,regional bus systems, < Community Resilience.Public transit provides than each individual needingtheir own personal vehicle, "' reliable access to resources and services both paratransit programs,rideshare and vanpooling options, reduces vehicles on the road,and is a source of income for information for walking and biking(e.g.,maps of trail and regularly,and in emergencies.Additionally,when the transit system.A vanpool/vanshare program can require businesses and organizations are invested in and bike networks,maps of bike parking),and transportation less staffing than establishing regular routes to serve similar connected to transit systems,it makes for more opportunities and incentive programs.Concentrating all of purposes,and can be a great option when there are staffing reliable and varied sources of financial,social,and this information to be found on or linked to one website will ' or funding challenges.This would be a good option to logistical support,providing stability and resilience for make the information easier to find and navigate,removing explore as part of a microtransit study. this essential resource. barriers to ridership and community participation.While Launch a cam ai n with GO MAINE-Collaborate Regional Collaboration.Manyexistingtransit not tlirectly a partnership with a business or organizaLon, , P �` „� with GO MAINE in order to ex and its reach and benefits services like the Community Connector and BACTS this is an important action to house information about the P ' to the Ban or re ion.This collaboration could take man are already regional.Enhancing these services following partnership actions. g g Y and involving more stakeholders,businesses,and forms,but would focus on 1)increasing the number of Employer-Sponsored Commuter Routes-Work community organizations in the region fosters local businesses participating in the GO MAINE rewards stronger ties and connections between all of these with large employers in the region and the Chamber of programs,and 2)increasing the number of people Commerce to create new transit routes or extend existing communities and makes travel among and betweEn ' them more accessible. ''�, (conYinued on page 2) -- '��- - �'r v%, � , , .. '��. , , , /; • : • f �� 6 ��' f 1 :1 " f (conYinued from page 1) ��e��(�ll 011 O�l e�:��(�ll 0° ��C�°� II v�ll'�'1llll 0'; °��i��ll��C s%llli��l ��l��r i u.�llu�°�iii iDrr�G�2�Vu«�uo ��:�riDrr��u�r�� participating in the rideshare features to make ridesharing carpool/vanpool parking priority spots;secure,covered � more feasible in the region.This campaign can reach ' bike parking(and showers);shutUe service from a transit This toolkit builds on existing and growing momentum out to local businesses about the free GO MAINE Lunch ' stop;and business wellness programs rewarding active to support public and active transportation in the region and Learn programs for employers.Employers may be transportation(potential area of collaboration with GO through business and community partnerships.The interested,because participation in GO MAINE can help MAINE). Community Connector has started to develop an Employer reduce parking needs,offer vanpool programs to assist Transit Benefit Program and a Transit-Supportive Events hosted by local businesses and community Toolkit for the Development Community,in line with with employee commutes,contribute to sustainability and partners-Work with businesses,schools,libraries,and recommendations from the Bangor Transit Study(2019). emissions goals,and promote active transportation Qinked other community-based organizations to host or sponsor Additionally,GO MAINE offers a statewide platform for to healthier,more productive employees).Additionally, events that celebrate and encourage active and public encouraging active and public transportation modes there are participant rewards offered through GO MAINE trans ortation e. bike or bus breakfasts.Work with and the WAY 2 GO MAINE bi-annual event p � g" � through programs,incentives,and partnerships with ' community resources and cultural centers including libraries businesses and employers,though it is currently more Employer Transit Benefit Program-Collaborate ' and schools to host active/transit programs(e.g.,walking relevant in the Portland region. with the Bangor Chamber of Commerce to roll out the school buses,bike to school weeks,bike to the library employer transit benefits program recommended in the ' prizes).Additionally,these community-based organizations The Transportation Hub Website and information Stantec Bangor Transit Study Final Report(pg.27,2019) are great places to disseminate information in the form of sharing recommendations of this toolkit,along with and proposed by the Community Connector.In a transit ' posters,flyers,and pamphlets about public transit routes, the vanpool/vanshare program,should coordinate with benefits program,employees are able to pay for transit programs and how to use them,and active transit programs the recommendations in Toolkit#5(Foster Complete using pre-tax dollars,which creates cost savings for both and health benefits. and Walkable Neighborhoods)and Toolkit#3(Create employees and employers. a Capacity Building Strategy for Public Transit)to align ' Partner with universities in the region-This action resources,information,and initiatives around public Transportation Demand Management-Work with can be incorporated into many of the other actions in this transportation options. large employers to integrate transportation demand ', toolkit depending on community need and student interest management strategies into wellness policies and/ Ideas include website building,program information or adopt a citywide/townwide transportation demand brochures,creative promotional materials or videos, management policy.The most robust version of this acLon business outreach and event planning,and more. involves adopting an ordinance with certain transportation public transit advertisement program for local `'" demand-related requirements for employers above a businesses-Continue to expand the program for �� „�, .� certain size antl municipalities themselves.Thefollowing ��- �i local businesses to ativertise on buses,vans,bus sYop � � �,. �j � strategies are often inclutletl in these requirements or �� J�:j J� 11 infrastructure,and for highlighting local sponsors on the recommentletl as opt in programs for employers:parking � ��'��I� i "�.�/, transportation hub website.This woultl be an atltlitional �Rpq�p � , r�n cash out(employees who tlo not tlrroe personal vehicles aa� '��u /� � source of revenue for the transit sysiem antl provitle � ��; , � are offeretl the equivalent value of a parking space in w� �� ,„,� �'„�-, � businesses with mobile ativertising space.Establishing a • ' ��y° � �,, � cash);travel allowances(which offsetthe costof parking, " u<<^ �� A pathway,process,antl rates for ativertisements antl hosting ° i�,�o�nrtn�� -- transit,or other motles of transportation equally);free P�� eh�gi r� ar�es,p�, - the information antl application on the transportation hub � util�tl��,ama'€,� - �� or subsidized transit passes;tax-free benefits for transit website,would provide a streamlined process and could - i� and vanpool costs(via Employer Transit Benefit Program); �� i�: ��' � facilitate more business participation. r�n�r � o„ i �;w„ �� , � v,,,,. i /' �,;;-,;�1 ,,�1 ��;,,,,,,,,,, _ � /; • : • f �� 6 ��' f 1 :1 " f Conduct outreach-Use connections throu h revious IIIVIIIIII�„II�VIIJV NRNNNNN I�NRK�( St�pS fOt'Il71pI�171�11tat1011 contacis,Chambers of Commerce,eta to reac pout ��IICIIlll4NR��N��C��CR�F�Cft�� Employer engagement is a necessary first step for a to the identified businesses to gauge interest in each • Community Connector,City of eangor number of the strategies listed above.For the sake of of the programs(or reach out directly if there are no . gpCTS and the Transit Committee(with representatives efficiency and effective communication,the outreach readily available connections).Be prepared with the of municipalitiesthatfinanciallysupportthe Community for many of the components--and specifically for the clear articulations of each of the programs(step 1)and a Connector system) employer transit benefits program,transportation proposition for the businesses to have a conversation at • �ocal and statewide organizations and advocacy groups demand management,advertisement program,and a later date discussing the programs,and what they find supportingtransportation,such as GO MAINE,Bicycle employer-sponsored commuter routes--can be combined appealing and unappealing about each of them.If there is Coalition of Maine,and Transportation for All into a singie outreach process outlined below: funding available,these can be offered in a lunch and learn • Local businesses and businessgroups,including format as incentive to participate. Chambers of Commerce,downtown organizations,and � ......... ......... ......... ......... ........ industrygroups , • Large employers and institutions,including universities If'�I�IIfI�II�e�9ilyPfl�IrVa�,,�al d,1i.l[I'��u'V'o � andcolleges,hospitals IW1141fR IPO'al"fll'Y palfU�If'�IPY�,I'&lf'Ir'o IC�Gh�G.la�,lrf"Ir'oG I'�'@: • Communityspaces,includingschools,libraries,senior Define topics for outreach—Decide on and clarify a menu centers,and apartment complexes,and assisted living of ways employers can engage with transportation systems. Host a focus group—Collect all the feedback received from facilities This might include the Public Transit Advertisement the initial conversations with businesses to shape the focus program,Employer Transit Benefit Programs,Employer- group conversations and questions.Meet with business Sponsored Commute Routes,and voluntary Transportation owners and potentially employees,either individually or Demand Management(TDM)strategies ouUined above.At collectively.Present the strategies and ask people what this stage,the process of defining each of these strategies seems doable and beneficial,and for the things that are �� ^�' should include a definition of the type of program,how it not,whatcoultl be improvetl to make business participation ��7��t y� �'��hYqy��i1� � . ' ��r works,what the benefits are to employers,and what the more likely? � �� '` � � � �" �' U°� �� „�� benefits are to the transportation system and publia For the �aa�i�°`�H � � � � ti ^�� v� �urr� � g p p p Y � � � ��Ur�'q�� 3,1 � 1C � Define programs-Use the feetlback from businesses, TDM strate ies,munici alities can develo a reliminar it �r i along with examples from precedents elsewhere,to define /�,� i� i� checklist of TDM strategies that businesses can voluntarily iii/�o � � �� j% ii ir///� f�liln irey � t;. opt into with the idea that it could eventually become program details and logistics,including processes for f ��((�(((�� i/"" (((j(�� "� �� required as policy. enrollment and/or program rollout ��III Illllljl�� (�`��l)�,��jr�J��„!iJ„�j �� Ul��» �� i r/�%i��Fi�� /�i�l�/ im / !l /ili6i��,/��✓�//�//�r� Advertise programs�Present the finalized programs to �� l� � Jl�� % �"� � �� j Identify businesses for program input-Inventory a cross- f�� the businesses that participatetl in the focus group,antl � �/ � � ' � �;,f'<� secYion of large antl small businesses,inclutling those that j{I,� � i r`� �, work with Chambers of Commerce antl business groups to � I� , currently parLcipate in transit-supporLve activities or that j Jf�jj ;� � � witlely ativert�se the programs.Builtling awareness of the � �� li� have in the past(e.g.,through the existing advertisement �� 1� , ( � �� programs may inclutle ongoing outreach by municipal sYaff � ,f�� l- '� ��j6�d��/Jf�� ro ram,a revious route ex ansion,etc. Work with r ��!1 �� t r�i�/I�rt� p g p p )� � �'� �/1� r(Y,, i�o �/Y� i�t to existing antl new businesses,ativertisements in local 1�x y �,�� Chambers ofi Commerce antl other business groups to I � ��i f� � media outlets or local listservs,hosting events(e.g.,lunch � �f/�' f ' �� , � i�� itlentify atltlitional businesses that are highly acYive in the �U� o;� %�, i � r � antl learns,green tlrinks,webinars)with local organizations �� i�/ i �iP i p � public sphere,engagetl in community act�vities,mission- //�,��,�� ' li ' u � � or businesses,or other motles. �� u II �i ii ��I tlriven,or large employers in the area. �/ y�°f� �' u � v�a�� y��jJ�J � ! / `��fj ��O II',;; I I I I I�'I I I I w w . �i�1'�%-�;,�,/„/�f�� i /; • : • f �� 6 ��' f 1 :1 " f I IIII ��J��%///i%%�' . J IlkticMe�'EPn ¢��Poe�r�These�are three��r at�x m�les , Cost� �y notably � � � �,KP°.0' KPIfW yllllblh^I�Edd''IIP,�IfW, F g p� / s will var depending on the action items � .... � ofi transportation hub websitesthatconcentrate f/a��;�� . .. infiormation abouttransitoptions,programs,and events. pursued;rollingouta vanpool/vanshare program will be �;� � � � the most cost intensive in tenns ofi upfront costs(over$1 �/ � IKiivngg;�8,'„ruuuvm�y`Ma-�nipaPnPnP-�ni�M`Ma-�ni�r.Woa�r��-Thisvanpooland � �� million),whereas other steps such as the advertisement /f �f,iy� vanshare program in King County,Washington provides program only require staff time. � „`�,�� options for groups of people to commute together and a ; a splitoosts. • GranCs undar"potflntial sourcas for fundin�"can halp �i� �;a� coverthe planning,program development,and capital � � � IIVY��y�9�oRoe a�rar��>�oe.flenr Il.rauni^��¢nrka-�ko¢uni Il:�sawmoa-�ni�ti ,,., ��,i 1 �, /6i�%///�iJ�/ � p � • Most inportantlyt�effectively�ro ling o�ut these actions will �,�� ,�,;��VI�� i��u��o� ��'"��r ��J�� ¢wmo�.ni�-This is a collection ofi olic and (� rr service-based strategies and actions implemented by ��, 1,,, �� b �� ten dififierent cities as partofiTransportation Demand require staff capacity,which is limited for the Community �-" I .� � � �(�� Mana ement. Connector currentl.Identif in strate ies to ex and if� r = ( �"'" �� s Y Y � � p Y , � V� , g capacity(via ToolWt#3:Create a Capacity Building �� r % �� 1(1��7"'�g � II�YII-"Y'IPkG.'!Ib'��r�ku�ie;r�raWofpro G.'lpzpPnv�kuuvnP��oe��ra-This is a collection SVategy for Public Transit)will be needed to enable this �� -�� ' �� , ��o• �-�-��i� of strategies identified by Houston's METRO for toolkit,as welL - �� - -� - �� - businesses to partner with the public transit system. � u� o � u � a �� :i IIII�I�Inl IIII��II�I�I��IIII IOIIh101 � I u�i��u��arh�r��c��N��rr��r��k��'��cc��r �� i i iiitio'i i��lm i�i i��u�i iii i IViun • I'Vd�WI��'�I�urWcrrn$�,auni¢Mlruni�s�a��arur�kaukaauw�V�s;rmi�t�ni¢M • IIVYau&vnell.�G.11B�paunr��ra-includingReconnectingCommunities I'Wd�a�imaaig„.�:�wmi�:�rnk-This resource describes a variety of and Neighborhoods Program,Rural Surface parking and transportation demand management Transportation Grant Program,RAISE Grant. strategies,along with a few case studies ofi municipalities . It�e�¢rie�r uV I v�uni�raP��,�cMwmoer�ir:a�krau��N¢ani d��.raunr��ra-including who have implemented them. Accelerating Innovative Mobility,Enhancing Mobility Vrauni�s�a��srurkauksaum"Y'¢uenlM1�r�R�fl'aur�kNne:��9�u erne,s�s�a��ruwmirmi�umik�R�y- Innovation,Surfiace Transpartation Block Grant Program, This guide is a compilation of 14�fact sheets on topics Integrated Mobility Innovation,Public Transportation related to transit-business partnerships that highlight Innovation,Rural Transpartation Assistance Program, strategies and whythey are beneficial to employers, Technical Assistance and Standards Development,Tribal employees,and transit systems. Transit Formula Grants,Urbanized Area Formula Grants. • uen I'Wdaukfaarn"I"¢aenl I�i�:,-This tool kit is a guide to • FTA§5303 Urban Transit Planning Funds-BACTS can implementing a public and active transit campaign(with support background preparation and promotion of active goals similar to GO MAINE)based on and provided by the and public transit through general assistance planning In Motion program in King County,WA. funds. roau^.kauiwn ubB�:��"I"-The Sustainable CT program compites actions for municipalities to take on to increase � sustainability.See 6.3"Encourage Smarf�Commuting." >'�i `-%ri f..:�„ a a 6 °^, �i ° N�,�,%�� u.� ��,.. � G�Ib��Ya � �'�jI ,`�� '��i'I�'�Vtr�tt,wr�wn�7� � m ��6'�'�` �i ��i/�� ' � �fi� Il�l aaT1U1N1 io i� � � �� //��///�� %%;; �� 0�1�i� �//i,�///i GHG �� „ ' .•. %%%///%%////%%%%%%///%%%%%%///O/%%%%%%/O�/O///%%%%%/ u�J' i�i%i'�ii'f%iii /r�"` '� ' ,,„�`� ii,„//iiii,%%%/��jjjj��j, ,,,,,,,,, ;,,� , ,„ii/, ,;,;;;;;, � �I�/��// • ��° � 11 " � $� T i a� CLIMATE ACTION � A � � � � � i�, DeSCClpt1011 Of the ACt1011 community gardens and food forests.In some cases,these How This Action Supports the Goals of ' zoning changes may need to be accompanied by other types penobscot Climate Action Complete neighborhoods are places where all residents, of supportive policy;for example,allowing winter on-street regardless of age,ability,or income have access to daily parking. Equity and Environmental Justice.Complete life necessities-including high-quality and affordable "' neighborhoods reduce transportation costs and housing,schoois and other civic functions,food,open Zoning updates to support diverse and affordable increase access to daily life needs,including high space,healthcare,and other services-within 15 minutes housing-Identify changes to zoning that will support quality and affordable housing,schools and other by walking,biking,or public transit.�The Penobscot Climate diverse and affordable housing,such as enabling higher civic functions,food,open space,and other amenities Action region can take a proactive approach to fostering density and infill development,reducing minimum lotsizes, and services.While this outcome benefits everyone, complete neighborhoods.Each community in the Bangor adopting density bonuses for affordable housing,and it can most greatly benefit older adults,people with region may approach this differenUy,and yet in each enabling diversity of housing types,including supportive disabilities,people with lower incomes,new Mainers, case,it would involve a process for identifying specific housing.A starting point would be to update zoning and and other individuals who may not have a car. neighborhood areas(for example,denser mixed-use areas land use policies to align with State Legislation LD 2003, Environmental Health.Complete neighborhoods or town centers),assessing those areas based on a set which includes a set of enabling policies to support housing "' make it easier to reach all daily needs by walking, of complete neighborhood features,identifying gaps,and production. biking,and public transit Fewer trips by cars or trucks investigating specific interventions that would support those ', Complete streets policy-Adopt a complete streets reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other forms of neighborhoods in becoming complete neighborhoods.The air pollution. policy to ensure that all future street upgrade or new interventions will likely include some or all of the following construction projects integrate complete streets design Community Resilience.Complete neighborhoods approaches standards whenever practicable."Complete streets"are a " make it easier to access resources and opportunities Zoning updates to support transit and walkability type of street design that prioritize safe and comfortable -Whether thaYs healthcare,groceries,school,or -Identify changes to zoning that will support transit and travel by people of all ages,abilities,and incomes by all job.Greater access to resources builds community ' modes of trans ortation.Features such as accessible resilience both day-to-day and in an emergency. walkability,such as allowing and incentivizing mixed- P use development,enabling higher densities and infill sidewalks,separated bike lanes,and frequent and safe < Regional Collaboration.This toolkit encourages development,adapting commercial first floor design opportunities to cross the street are examples of complete " a network of complete neighborhoods that are standards to create vibrant streetscapes,reducing or street features.BACTS will develop complete street connected by public transit routes and bike paths eliminating parking minimums in specific areas,requiring guidelines and draft policy language for different size throughout the region.By working together to create or encouraging bike parking,and enabling neighborhood municipalities to support this step;see Appendix A for more this network,it expands the benefits of complete neighborhoods(including greater access to resources details. and opportunity)at a regional scale. 'AdapCed from PorCland's Plan 2030.(hC�Cps://view.publiCas. �'�, (conYinued on page 2) �� com/ciCy-of-porUand/portlands-plan-2030/page/1) '��... �°r �� , , , „ ; ti , , ._, „ ....... /; • : • f �� M �.6 � " 1 w 1 i i M i!�. (continued from page 1) $t�pS fOt'�111p��111�I1tat1011 �i;��(�lllill0�r ��:ll�(�ll0° /��C�°' II r�lla��llll0�� °��H�(�l��C s%ll�i��l ��l��r i u.ellu�°�iii iDrr�G�2mUu«�uo ��:�riDrr�;u�r�� Capital projects to support complete � neighborhoods-Identify specific capital projects Bangor,Orono,Brewer,and Old Town are currently that woultl su ort walkable,com lete nei hborhootls, participating in the VIiIIII;:u��N�IF�;�uir�k�iru�ir ImiilCro Iliruli�k�li;:u�t,liw� pp p g Ilu9�i�[I��tli�,,Ida.l(;I"ol��til�a�a�,u9a�; such as installing sidewalks,crosswalks,bike lanes,or ',' (Hampden is also exploring the opportunity).Under other complete streets projects;amenities such as bus ' Identify neighborhoods of focus-Select one or more this program,each city/town has identified specific stop shelters or bike parking;connections to multi-use neighborhoods to focus on for complete neighborhood areas of their downtown for assessment,with a trail networks;or neighborhood amenities such as small efforts,and define the geographic boundaries.Small focus on features such as safety and traffic calming, parks,community gardens,or food forests.Consider using communities may choose one area(e.g.,the town center active transportation networks,and reducing parking demonstration projects to show the functionality and or business corridor),whereas larger communities redundancy. benefits of complete street projects while working towards ' may choose a few neighborhoods to focus on.When phase two will involve implementing more permanent infrastructure. a number of neighborhoods are a possibility,consider recommendations from the study,many of which ' prioritizing neighborhoods with higher proportions of lower will support complete neighborhood goals.Bangor Partnerships and incentives to support complete income residents,communities of color,or other priority has also been working to cluster residential zoning neighborhoods-In some cases,additional support populations.This process can also be iterative and repeated areas and transit routes,coordinate bus stops near may be needed to bring businesses or services into for more neighborhoods over time. neighborhoods to cluster amenities in a walkable, ' new housing developments,and integrate mixed use transit-oriented area.Consider financing partnerships Co-define vision and goals-Host conversations with development into commercial zoning areas.Both or incentives that can help offset costs of developing businesses,organizations,and residents within the Bangor and Orono have been working to increase or bringing services to the neighborhood.Similar neighborhood to discuss the concept of complete density and housing options in downtown areas. partnerships orjoint financing strategies may also be neighborhoods,and to collectively define opportunities, Climate Action Toolkit#4,which focuses on working needed to ensure affordable housing is developed in ' a vision,and goals for the process.This step could be with local businesses and organizations to promote walkable,transit-oriented town centers. conducted in tandem with identifying a neighborhood of public transit and active transportation,will dovetail focus to ensure community support. with the efforts to foster complete neighborhoods. pp �,� � IYs also worth considering how community resilience I�IIPVII�lll4�N��N�q��NNNN��I�NR�K�( � ��CqFhCR�FhCft � hubs(Toolkit#5)could be a component of completp� neighborhoods. • City,town,andtribalgovernmentsintheregion I dna�,fl�l'�la�.''�a Ida I�,I.ol'�:b��YII�a.Y¢.YU9!�;Gh ,��f�"o�,�l'¢'@e � �� • Regional organizations,including BACTS and Eastern ''��,. Define assessment metrics-Identify a set of evaluation . �� Maine Development Corporation ' parameters to evaluate how well a neighborhood is meeting • State organizations,including MaineDOT ' complete neighborhood goals;consider using a framework • Public transportation providers,such as the '��.. like the'I"f:Dll:7.`.^�I:<ninie�<nire�as a starting point,and adapting Community Connector and Penquis ' the set of evaluation parameters to best fit local needs. identifying both strengths and gaps.Consider working • Neighborhood constituents,including businesses, Consider working with a team of neighborhood constituents W�th a team of neighborhood constituents to conduct the organizations,and residents within the compiete ' in the process of vetting and refining the evaluation metrics. evaluation together,and holding community conversations neighborhood areas to discuss the findings with broader groups of neighborhood • Community constituents who depend on,or who could ''��, Assess strengths and gaps-Evaluate the neighborhood constituents. most benefitfrom,access to affordable public transit '��... based on the complete neighborhood parameters, ;' /; • : • f �� M �.6 � " 1 w 1 i i M i!�. ......... ......... ......... ......... ........ • I tl�;1lfg,a.Yllf��IIOIfIYIG flfG�ll"�'[e1[la�,l�"�a�,��Illf[P I��G I'�'@:Ia.YIC^�; • IM¢umd9„rawmopa&e:�ke;a�r¢�enuurll�e�&�;�'G�ikroPnvYn¢aPn�M�ra4�-AGISStoryMap �o�pqy1f'�,o4SIfW,ullll:blh:iill'�Edd'1f'IIP,�IfW"y '�'" of Partland,ME thattalks through the concept of complete Identify interventions—Identify and implement neighborhoods,and how the City is using GIS to assess • Depending on municipal capacity,the firstfew steps of this interventions to strengthen complete neighborhoods,which complete neighborhoods. toolkit will likely be completed in-house;consultant costs to support the neighborhood assessment,policy review, may include identifying changes to zoning(e.g.,enabling • �enuv'tnip;nenr B,p�ra-nk II�e4�;FnkncnvPn¢ucn�M^:-A number of and policy development may range from$20k-$150k, mixed-use,higheY density,paYking YefoYm,inCentivizing oY resources developed by the State of Vermontto suppart depending on scope. requiring proximityto transitfor certain uses,etc.)as well Vermontcommunities in developingwalkable,complete neighborhoods. • The upfront costs for the implementation of capital as specific capital projects(e.g.,complete street projects). projects will be much more cost-intensive,but may dovetail (t may also invOlve identifying business inCentives oY otheY ' 16^Eanni 14T¢urwdauv¢ri-Lincoln-Lancaster County(Nebraska) with existing capital maintenance and/or be supported by 2050 Comprehensive Plan,which breaks down many approaches for bringing businesses or services into those State and Federal grantfunding opportunities(below). zoning and land use components to supporting complete areas to cluster amenities in a walkable,transit-oriented neighborhoods. area.if neighborhoods aren't already on a bus route,work IIIIIIIX � I with Community Connector to explore options for bringing I Iln I IIII��II�I�1011111 101Ih 101�1I�IIIn01 I��IIn I�I I��II�I III I��Illln public transportation services to that area.Work with local �I@pud M�k'h'�1 NNNI NM�UIIIIIIIRG� NN� �@IVUNNNNNN • II�Yauuvne I�G.li'Ib'�Ga�ninirw�i�;!;�I�a�r�ku�ie r Worpa IIu�iP��N�i��Gere:�-to conduct community consiituents to vet projeci itleas antl to partner ��•�'�'�'�� o�:��e��:,� ��; „�Y II�llllll4NNN�NN��ft��q��ft��N��C��ft��C��9��ft��ftC��N a planning process fior identifiying and investigating on projects as applicable. interventions for fostering complete neighborhoods;to • "I"hne:�"I"Q'P�'k�.°roRauim¢My�r¢M-The TOD Standard is a set of guidelines ConneCt Ye ionall —If ConduCtin this Yocess as a plan projects towards complete neighborhoods g y g p for transit-oriented development projects,developed by Yegion,woYk togetheY to map and disCuss the netwoYk of the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. • IIVNaaiV¢nsall:�G.'ti'I"`Motitia-n��r 16^�pk�nisavr:Wnipa Ilimukuar�'¢are:�-to plan/ identified neighborhoods as a region as a way to coordinate While not all factors will apply,it could provide a useful set implement projects towards complete neighborhoods approaches and consider transportation connectivity of inetrics for assessing how well a neighborhood meets • IIVNauVvnsa IM¢aau^:"rrnp;�G.'&pzpcnrkauvn��y 16^raa��vauwmo-to suppart "complete neighborhood"goals. housing development,including municipal ordinance between the neighborhoods. • �..IC':¢::0.'S naar V��:�Pg„.Pnb¢arlvra¢a�M�'kurere:�V¢npwmi�:�rnk QV��'kp-The LEED development,community housing planning services, p � for Nei hborhood Develo ment certification b the and community housing implementation services �i��W�� US Green Buildin Council USGBC outlines a set ofi n n 4�� VI��iy�qi�� g p( ) � • II�Yauuvne II�Gl4 If�&¢.y¢Ps a�ni�M Ib er¢rie��kr6a�ni Ib r¢aP,��uwmo-to I'��i ,� �I metrics for developing more sustainable,well-connected implement projects towards complete neighborhoods neighborhoods. • 8,'„ruwmowmouuenG�kyll:�e;we;R¢upawmoe;nr�I�Rsac°M1�B�raunr�lb'�ra�f,�vauwmo-to • d�u�s�uk�ruwmirmi�umiw�R�fe:s�a I�rau�k¢u�auR-The JustCommunities supporta range ofi community projects,which may Protocol includes metrics,indicators,and a process for include infrastructure,housing,downtown revitalization collaborating around neighborhood development to create to public facilities,and economic development just and sustainable neighborhoods. • R.V":n II:�G.'!"Y'IPkF�ll�:nll:;B�paunr�Ib'�r¢up;��auwmo-to suppart surfiace • �bau^ukaairrn aiknk�r�V�s;we.Ceupwmi�r�rmk��ru�Me:�-A resource that compiles transportation projects that advance safiety,equity, example policies and land use codes from across the economic development,and climate and sustainability i u f 1'��VF�� dW y1��4 i i�� r i i�h{ill��f' : i country_See"Chapter 4��Mobility and Transpor�tation"for oals ! � g � � � � x resources on complete streets,public transit,and bicycle I � ��,�� .y � M., }d��J� �Q��y"�`S�� • Funding earroarked for deroonstration projects(o.g., y ,1,� 1 � i and pedestrian mobility,and"Chapter 5:Community"for �i ��', � ��1 mu' resourcesonhousingafifordabilityandhousingdiversity. MainoDOTPiIotProjootlnitiativos,BACTSSafioStroots �� i ��'� � ��l�a.�� and Roads fior All fiunding) �� J��i,'ti11,� i i i _, ,`i i'i"�, i�"I' �s�I I� I'i.o 1 I:r .. , cli'r i .� ;it,ii.� i"i j 1 1�%ii i// %�i�/l/i „i i��,.,,.. ,,;,. �- .�, r� �, ;w i , „ �,,, �.;. .., � � , � �/// � »� . ,. ,.,,�. �,.., .. ;.,,,,,/,,i oi ., ^.y�n / // GHG lr / / G / � !////, ////% • ' ,,,,, ;; , �;;,,, ; ,,,,,�� ,,,,,, ; l%/...�✓i f01 i ,,,,;,,;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%/ �� %%%%%%%%%%%O/�%//%%%%%%%%%„ „ „ ��%%%%%///%%%%%%%%///� q//J,/,1 �j,!�/r � -, �•• 1 . � • �/li/✓/ ' / . / f / 5C T ,rt CLIMATE ACTION f / / / / / � ' Description of the Action ' Steps for Implementation How This Action Supports the Goals of The Penobscot Climate Action region's ecosystems are ' Adapting land management and conservation practices Penobscot Climate Action integral to community resilience.They provide flood to support resilience can be carried out in three parts. Equity and Environmental Justice.While mitigation,clean the region's drinking water,cool off hot They can be developed and implemented individually and "'" expanding resilient ecosystems will benefit the entire neighborhoods,and sequester carbon.Regenerating ' may not occur in a stepwise fashion.For example,a best region,it has the potential to bring greater value soil health,managing invasive species,and supporting practice may be identified and piloted before serving as to developed areas and areas with lower access to plant and wildlife diversity also contribute to ecosystem an example to integrate into municipal practices or policy. ecosystem benefits.However,care must be taken resilience which in turn supports community health, ' Further,communities may wish to conduct education and to ensure other community needs(such as housing well-being,recreation,and the local economy.Indigenous engagement activities concerning a proposed policy change affordability)are supported in tandem and not at odds knowledge,science and stewardship practices are ' in order to develop community understanding and buy-in with expanding healthy and resilient green spaces in foundational to many resilient and regenerative practices. prior to government action. order to best support equity and climatejustice goals. it would be essential for this action to be developed ; Environmental Health.Supporting the health and o�G� with great respectfor tratlitional ecological knowletlge. � f resilience of ecosystems contributes to a witle number In cases where there is mutual commitment to respect, of environmental health benefits,including improved collaboration,antlpartnership,thisacYionshoultlbe � IW(iii�iu�Cp:upallhda�IICa��+i�[ Il�ri�u9V�°( ii�a„;�[�iroai�[ Ihda��;aziii°a��+ biotliversity,cleanerwatersystems,antlhealthiersoils tlevelopetl untlerthe leatlership of,antl in collaboration � �I n.iiu4��a If:'��a��a la�,lr[i�a��+i��@: antl trees. with,the Penobscot Nation. Community Resilience.Protecting and expanding The Resource Guide will include goals and model language „ B im lementin this toolkit,munici alities will ado t the health and resilience of natural systems will better Y p g p p for land management and conservation policy that can protect the community from flooding,extreme heat resilient land management and conservation practices be incorporated into a community's comprehensive plan, events,and mitigate economic impacts to the region's in their comprehensive plans,ordinances,and zoning. ordinances,and zoning.These may address zoning for outdoor recreation and tourism economy. SubsequenUy,the toolkit will support education and development,agriculture,parking,landscaping,protection engagement to facilitate understanding and adoption by of natural systems,stormwater management,and more. ° Regional Collaboration.Using shared resources municipalities,organizations who steward private lands, This guide may provide language for policies or ordinances and processes to assess and draft model language is and individual arcel owners.Re ional collaboration, a more efficientwayofsupportingall municipalities P g that would make some of the best practices in Part 2 to act on this strategy.The sharing of best practices byjoinUy developing or sharing regulatory language, ' mandatory.Steps include: and learningfrom pilots in individual communities is conducting assessments and legal review,or supporting another wa to ex and ado tion. educational initiatives,provides opportunities to be Form a project team-Form a project team comprised of Y p p efficient with limited resources and maximize effect given ' relevant municipal staff and board/commission member(s), ' legal expertise,and subject matter experts who bring that ecosystems span municipal boundaries. technical and lived expertise. �,� �� „ , ti , _, � /; i . • : • . . f �� •• �1s� !.w 1 ,s'��w" . ,w 1 M ' w M .ix � ,,.i ��,lY�� " �i:��(�lllill0�r e�:ll�(�ll0° /��C�°' II v�lla��llll0!; °��H�(�l��C s%ll�i��l ��l��ri u.�llu�°�iiiiDrr�G�2mUu«nuo ��:�riDrr�;u�r�� Conduct a policy review-Review municipal policies, Conduct a legal review-Conduct a legal review and ordinances,and zoning in relation to the municipality's revisions for any model language to ensure applicability with The region is rich in precedents and resources to (or region's)resilience goals and collect model language ' current laws and within the State of Maine. build upon.For example,Bangor will have lessons (from examples within the region or beyond)of resilient learned to share from its recent tree inventory and ' Lead community conversations to support adoption- promotion of"No Mow May.°Orono uses citizen land management and conservation practices.Keep in ' Education and dialo ue with the ublic and munici al g P P science to monitor the invasive brown tail moth. mind that findings may recommend repeal or relaxation of ' boards and commissions will be necessary for building The Penobscot Nation is deeply involved in land existing policies and ordinances that hinder goals(such shared understandin around the olic chan es and their as Bangor's 2023 vote to ease code enforcement on lawn g p Y g stewardship efforts and monitoring the effects of implications,incorporating revisions to address community climate change on nature.The Penobscot ftiver heights to allow I�er I��rvw I�<ny).Consider cases in which a concerns or additional insight,and for building buy-in that ftestoration Project was a local success story of policy may not be applied uniformty(e.g.,only in certain will lead to eventual adoption. bringing diverse stakeholders together to restore cases or only to a specific part of the municipality)in order to reach an intended resilience goal,and conduct an ecosystem and important community asset. assessments to determine the parameters as necessary. � UMaine conducts research on sustainable and climate adapted forest management and numerous Ih'a [ IWr�n[iu� �a�,i Ihd�.�llla�+u�r[ II �ri�u9 V°��ii�i„,�[i��oa��i��@: collaborationo ortunitiesexistwithitsstudentsand IIIVIIIIII�„II�V IIJV NRNNNNN I�NR K�( pp IIClIlllll4NR��CNq�N��CF�CR�F�Cft � �� Qii�u9 dna�,i�.��a i��pi[ia�u�� faculty. Because of the different pathways available,this strategy ' Building upon the wealth of knowledge and experience in This strategy will likely intersect with land involves many key partners such as the region,this action will focus on developing a collection management practices in Update Zoning and • Those who will research and advise on best practices of best practices for resilient land management and New Development Standards(Toolkit#1).The (eg.,Penobscot Nation,University of Maine,Trustfor ' conservation in the region.These best practices may or ftesilient Hubs Network(Toolkit#9)may provide the Public Lands,First Light Foundation); ' may not have a regulatory link.For example,guidance infrastructure for ongoing community education and • Those who will be responsible for drafting and '��... for managing the urban tree canopy in ways that support engagement. implementing local ordinances and zoning(eg., �'��, tree health,ecosystem functions,and reduced urban Planning Boards/Planning staff,Public Works,Tree '��... heat may YequiYe a Change in pYaCtiCe but nOt a Change Boards,Trails Committees); '�.. in community ordinances.These best practices could • Those who steward,manage,and develop land and ''��.. be voluntarily adopted by municipal,Tribal,private who will implement practices(e.g.,Bangor Land Trust, '��.. Orono Land Trust,Brewer Land Trust,Penobscot Nation, '��, IandOwneYS,IandSCapeYS and OtheY pYOfeSSiOnaIS,and University of Maine,Water Districts,Contractors and �'��.. residents.The best practices collection can include case Landscapers,Parks&Recreation Departments);and '��... studies of where these practices have been implemented • Those who can support community education and �''��.. with an emphasis on local examples.This action may engagement(e.g.,Arbor Day at local schools,Orono �''��.. be led by Penobscot Nation,university partners,land Town Council potlucks,Mitchell Center,Maine Discovery �'�, truStS,and/OY SimilaY paYtneYS wh0 bYing teChniCal and Museum,University of Maine,Husson University,Fields �''��,. lived expertise.As an optional added scope,this action's Pond Audubon,Community Gardens). working group may identify funding for further research on the effectiveness of these practices in the Penobscot Climate Action region or to conduct pilot projects to ;<'; /; i . • : • . . f �� •• �1s� !.w 1 ,s'��w" . ,w 1 M ' w M .ix � ,,.i ��,lY�� " implement certain practices.Local lessons learned can then IIIII�I � � be shared with others in the region to facilitate adoption. I Iln I IIII��II�I�1011111101Ih 101�1I�IIIn01 I��IIn I�I I��II�I III I��Illln � � � , ' � � � � s ��U�U��'�;I�Iflill�,llV „"��OtV 6II'��r�➢OtY(Ii�Jcll II�YauVvnw;B.;Pnwmowmouuvnr� Ilke..PN6e:�rnc°e:�16'��r�ku�iw;r.Worpad�paunr�Ra- Topics to be addressed can � ' fundingfor resilience capacity building,planning,and indude but are not limited to: I To suppork f��V�:��'V��Vd��l implementation projects. • Forests management and � • Flood storage/mitigation ¢s�p��;p`ryunieip�al��5ili�nt L�nd Vli�n��ment • 16^raa�s.¢:k 8';aunicapay,�.,.c�Akanni�e,d��.r,unr�^:-available to conservation ��, • Heat mitigation state,county,and municipal governments,educational ��s€�uree Guide��v�l€�pm�u�t -This task may�r€� • Urban tree canopy ��.. • Water quality institutions,and non-profit organizations for developing aµrµrroached as a r�gional�ffort witPi model languag� managementandexpansion �'�.. • Invasivespecies andimplementingcommunityforestryprojectsand for a variety of manag�ment an�i µrolicy actions tPiat • Increasinggreenspace management programs • Green infrastructure • Recreation and well-being iri�iivi�iva)muniCiµralitie�,Can use,a�,aµrµrli�;a4rle.A Y�;gionalµSYoj�ctteamofinvolv�dmuniciµ5alitiesan�l ' IIVYaaiuvnsl�G.&I��."8.::�tl'dwmonksallivukVarC.'dat¢.14�uvn�MV¢np;�G.&pzpcnrkauvniC.'de�^: • Wetlands protection ��.. • Biodiversity -includes the Municipal Stream Crossing Program to • Vernal pools protection ��.. • Protection of existing stored µ��YtneY oYganizations Coul�i lead tPiis�;ffoYt. ��.. upgrade municipal culverts to improve fish/wildlife • Soil health and regeneration '��.. carbon habitat and safet and the Maine Infrastructure R�art�:��st Rr�a�ti�es f€�r��sili�nt L�znd Y • Turf management at ��, • Ongoing capacityto Adaptation Fund for municipal,tribal,and infrastructure mWtiple scales including �'�.. sequester carbon ��n��m�nt�nd�d§utS�Yv�tid§n-GYant fun�iing '�� to suµrµrort tPiis steµr may also allow foY a Y�;gional districts to adapt their critical infrastructure to reduce residential '��.. vulnerability to climate change. aµrµrroach sin�;e�r€�st µrra�;ti�;es ar�likely to aµrµrly to multiµrleCommunitie�. • Ilnierau�raPar�*Ib'�tl�inr�IlVYauniau�'��wmo�>nr�lb'�ra�f,�vauwmoB�raunr��ra- available to landowners with parcels of at least 10 � R�art 3:�€�mmu�ity�du��ati€�n,�n��a��ment,�znd wooded contiguous acres.There is funding available In�en'tiv�5-Community oYganizations an�i µraYtneYs to create invasive plant control practice plans and 4',ba�,flfflfl.Il�G'fyPilll.lu�;pa�'@:la�,lf,lllf�;'ue�,RfIfGIC'@:ye11fU9111fu�;R„allf[I��G��; yy��p�;r��;witPimoY�;tPianonemuniCiµralitymay separatefiundingfiorexecutionofitheseplans. There is a significant opportunity to involve all community ��e to µrartner witPi municiµralities an�i offer . p,"pne u..a-�n��r a-�imcr a�pa-�ksar¢.aran�P:�rvwaar�'oean�it'�uvn�r-avaiiabie members in supporting resilience through land education and other programs regionally,benefiting toassistthe State of Maine,counties,municipalities, a�rYoad au�iien�;e. school districts,and tribal nations in the acquisition management.Partnerships with schools and municipalities, and/or development of public outdoor recreation universities,or other groups can support educational faciiities. programs thatteach children aboutthe environment around • Ilke:�r�ranko¢unu-uV"I"vau&V^:16^w¢uF��auwmo-availableto them,how it is changing,and how our actions can have an municipalities and non-profits for maintenance of impact.Offering ongoing community education on resilient � recreation traiis �,a7 y1f'�,oazl�w allll:wlE,.IlE�a1fua�l�ws'a lantl management practices can fosier atloption atthe ¢�„p��,p�p��ff.��„��.a,��p��,��pwhvnp,it"uuvn�r B�re�e�n�ib�reag�,�.k residential ro ert scale e. .encoura in I'�er I'�I�rvw I'�It� , Much of this work(fior parts 1 and 2)could be led and /p p Y ( g g g � completed by a municipal or regional task force;consultant Ilke:�^.¢..wa¢.:-available to communities,nonprofits, f��'rllllliim<'��'I:�hir d:xa��ire�e;:ima:�x),by professionals such as tlevelopers and other local governmententities fior wastewater costs to support facilitation and development of resources and landscapers,as well as increase understanding of infrastructure projects and other water polWtion control may range from$20k-$150k,depending on scope. and support for changes in municipal land management projects. • Part 3,in particular,is likely to be implementedjointly YequiYements and pYaCtiCes.(nCentive pYogYams,in the between a range of partners,including municipalities, form of tax incentives or cost-sharing/free materials,can be nonprofits,community groups,schools,universities,and used to encourage adoption and installation of resilient land other partners,leadingto opportunities for cost-sharing management pYaCtiCes. and collaborations on securing grantfunding. i"i j /; i . • : • . . f �� •• �1s� !.w 1 ,s'��w" . ,w 1 M ' w M .ix � ,,.i ��,lY�� " , IIIII4I��4��11«��N��b�tl��ft�u��tlll��&ftll��Y�ll��ft�� Planning and Zoning . �"riuu^Akanini ub@e:�V�e�V�G�ikrocnvPn¢uau�ti^:16^w¢uF��auwmo-an initiative • �BYrmi�ke ud¢^,sIB¢rnk�a�im¢ti W.Y^ac roRwuke�„.ee:�^a-is a • Regional Planning for Resilient Zoning-The towns of launched by the City of Portland that engages compendium of regulatory language and policy examples Jericho,Bolton,Huntington,and Richmond,VT,working neighborhoods,with guidance from city staff,to organize from the(Massachusetts)Metropolitan Area Planning with state a encies and other artners,en a ed in over worksho s, ro ects and events that enhance the livabilit Councifs member communities and beyond addressing g p g g p p � y floodplain and wetland restrictions,tree protection,water a decade of collaborative planningto inventory natural of their neighborhood and reduce residents'ecological systems and understand community values to inform land footprint.Participating neighborhoods may receive conservation,and more. use planning and update zoning.Two outcomes included designation as a"Participating Sustainable Neighborhood" • ��BYrmi�aske;�-�.wwmi�a�i^Q�..a��dwn^;.aaum�M�..a�im¢M^!.e:aai�a�:�^!.��aair�:�R:&��.aut¢Me:� .U��irda:Pra.v,'V��'�^:CJt�Puairt�ll IGd��^:¢.mikv¢:c��^:¢:Nvc�irVt�y and IIiRa.vllPa.vu�i,'V��'�^: or an"Outstanding Sustainable Neighborhood"firom the and u'�'¢ur�r,s�a�k�aur�t�6i&auicMe:�-provide climate-smart best ua�aina8�:�r,i z¢.vu�iCm�ig,�Vnauvs which increased the size of conserved City. management practices.Guides are available in mWtiple lands to preserve ecological connectivity and functions and �,P,�ff•�au¢:4s Il..anni�M"I"rau^:k'^:d."�p�re�rn 9,;cnvw" � languages and for mWtiple audiences. , : ¢crienv-provides guidance protect critical wildlife habitat. • to link isolated fragments of habitat in backyards into a • I'Wdr�rme NN¢:rniaul I�¢a¢al wy��v��s�l F&i¢au I'Wdr�imaug¢�wmi�:�rnk I�Vauim- • II�a��raWouuau IPkGw��v e.;PnwmowmouuvnP��Ne,ra IPke:,raPN&e�nr�II..a�ni�M�ra IIVYauniau�'��wmo�>nr� unified natural area to support plants and wildlife,improve allows vernal pool impacts in certain developed areas Ilimukuar�'¢ar�r-was a project conducted by Clinton and water and air quality,and more. of a municipality in exchange for conservation of high Bolton,MA that resWted in a Q;Ildummt�¢�:��Summt�iru IC'H��vc�ll¢.v�uumm��u�irt value vernal poolscapes in the municipality's rural area. • Various Citizen Science programs exist to engage and IGd��,",iikVt�¢a.viry IF''irda.virdPdzt�Pfia.vu�i T�"a.v¢.vll,a set ofi recommendations It supports a municipality's goals for growth,compact educate the public while collecting impartant data about for regulatory updates that support the integrity and development and conservation;allows development climate change and related topics(eg.,biodiversity)such continued viability of landscapes before,during,and after of parcels otherwise limited bythe presence of vernal as IC�:air9:lhvnriise:��uvnair�:�na8�.B�.Ih�:�IF��:�Illls. development pools;provides a funding stream for land conservation Incentives and Rebates and conserves landscapes that provide multiple values • �:6�¢urrnnwdaar��v a-nimcti�'�'@encn�ti Ilke:�^:&YVe:�rn�e:�R.Pktitio@y G.'&r¢riV¢na-nni�e:�- proposed ordinance in Dover,NH to establish a dedicated • �•%��aiV�ONanksav Il..anwd�n-�au-6.��.anr¢rie�rn Ilke:�tlnanksa 16^rauF��auwmo-provides including increased resilience to a changing climate. funding mechanism to pay for the community's stormwater incentives of$3 per square foot of turf lawn removed for . �„�eBy¢afl��y�khn"I"re¢:&7r¢Mrwnauime.¢Q w¢:�kfaarn�:,R.R.IR..�'kp-includes management and flood resilience activities;resources residential and commercial water service account holders. language that may be used to require the replacement of include an FAQ and StoryMap to support community . �,��y¢„auV��auraaiR IPke:��ra&@&e:�rnc�e:�Vvnc�e:�rm�Nar�*B�paainr�-is administered trees removed from public rights ofi way. understanding. by Santa Clara County,CA.The program developed a list . �„�e@y¢afl'�.�y�img„.¢ar I�au&roBfa:"I"w�r�:�I�raa�„�.raairmi-provides model • �:6au^Aka-nYnu-aib@e:��'Ssarr�rV¢upawmn�>nr�8.aru�Me�-A resource that compiles of pre-approved practices that improve soil health and bylaw language for Bangor's tree board,city forester,and example policies and land use codes from across the provides grants to support adoption. associated provisions relating to the city's trees and forests country.See"Chapter 1:Environmental Health and Natural Resource"for policies related to protecting water quality, urban forests,and sensitive lands,among other topics. • mmunityTraining,Education,Engagement �I/ iiii„� " ' i/i%j/,//%�l(��,j�fj(fj(f01111% �i�'�/�/! �I/�/�1rf�i, ;,�� i � //��l % „�i�ii��%%i�� "�QUQDIPke rNke�rn�'M�r¢ri^. Ib'�ra��v�uwmo-seekstoexpand ��l�u+i��°,,,,,,,,,,, , ,, ,,, , a,,,, ,,,,,"„ . �,,,,,, ,,,,,��. �'///i��;r�� regenerative prac4ces ata residential scale in Portland �mrt�� and Samikfllh IF'¢virull�ivai.The program provides trainingand ��%�J,,,,�,; � . � resources such as native plants and seeds. ��,�, includeVs„exte„nsive�c mmumt�ed�ucatlon progra�N� �y� � ms fior i,� � �/,i1 „ children and adWts as well as publications on conservation and forest practices. . � .., ...,. ..., .. � �:.rP ... . � . . �� I. i Pi.�i'I i i � I'i o' 1 I i.c'��i i o `+%/i � � ��i �. i i � r � � � ��" �''d�, �� r �„ '; � �� N� � �I � "�,��"�� i�'%� � ��, J� � GHG .•.� „ � � ��,�„ �� N� C� � C� C� �� ... �,- � � � � � °�' �o�'�� ,,, a � � , a;Ji!i!� + e � - r r , a � d . � PENOBSCOT � ,, � �� CLIMATE ACTION . / D�SCCIpt1011 Of th�ACt1011 would work with the Bangor Chamber of Commerce,other How This Action Supports the Goals of ' local business groups,educational institutions,and other Penobscot Climate Action This toolkit is intended to support the Greater Bangor partners to connect the resource to those who may benefit. region in developing a resource to help local businesses Equity and Environmental Justice.This action will identify and implement actions that support regional "' help expand access to resources and information that greenhouse gas emissions reduction goals and build ' Steps fOP Implemelltat1011 can support resilience and energy and cost savings resilience to climate change.The Climate-Ready Business for small businesses in the Greater Bangor region, Resource,or"the resource"will contain a list of actions, � including rural and economically disadvantaged areas. of varying scales,that local businesses can pursue.This ' - - -- This action could address equity more deliberately resourcewillhighlightfinancial,environmental,andother � Payi.ii�u9pa��@:iari� ii�u�°Pu[i i[ar;��,� byfocusingoutreachantltechnicalassistance relevant data that will help those businesses evaluate to minority-owned businesses,women-owned Identify a lead implementation partner(s)- The Climate businesses,small businesses,and other similar costs and benefits of implementation.Additionally,the Action Committee would identify a lead implementation designations. resource will provide a clearinghouse of existing local, partner or group of partners who will spearhead the regional,state,and federal incentives,rebates,tax credits, Environmental Health.This action will support implementation of this toolkit.The implementation subsidies,loans,grants,and other financial resources to � "� local businesses in atlopting practices that retluce , partner(s)may be a regional organization,local nonprofit, their environmental im act,includin reducin support the implementation of included actions. A list of P g g and/or academic institute or center that focuses on greenhouse gas emissions,improving air and water local contractors and service providers who can support economic development,sustainability,and climate quality,and reducing waste.The advising service the implementation of actions can also be linked to the resilience goals,and that has the capacity to lead toolkit will further help businesses integrate environmental resource to support implementation.A large part of this implementation.The Climate Action Committee would work health considerations into their decision-making. action will center on identifying existing guidance and resources(such as those available through Efficiency W�th the lead implementation partner(s)to discuss the Community Resilience.This action will compile toolkit vision,define a formal collaboration process,and information and resources to su ort businesses Maine),antl packaging antl tlelivering them to local � � PP identify pathways forfunding.The partner(s)would not in building resilience to climate change.Manytypes businesses in a way that is accessible and meaningful to necessarily be responsible for implementing all actions of of building and energy retrofits,for example,can them. this toolkit,but would ensure that they are being carried help reduce the impact of extreme weather,keep To support uptake of actions listed in the resource,the forward.The lead implementation partner(s)may be the employees safe,and avoid business interruptions. Greater Bangor Region can work with local partners to same as the lead implementation partner(s)for Toolkit#8; Regional Collaboration.Because this is a regional develop a technical assistance program that will assist if not,coordination would be beneficial. "'" resource,there will be a collaborative regional effort businesses in understanding options for increasing Conduct outreach to understand local business needs between municipalities,business groups,and regional sustainability and resilience,completing more precise organizations to develop,implement,and house the and priorities-Conduct outreach with the local business cost-benefit analyses,and making an implementation ' resource and associated technical assistance. community to identify needs and priorities related to a plan.Once this resource is available,municipalities � � F'I-ir r u iq�l�Pi'I"� `,r I:.i'I'�;,i r P r i �JI�.�r i , ... ... .,� 19i'e u F�,u I;ic� r i w I�IirrtoL, ,'i','r lir n I>' itt ��-- /; • : • • ff M re.... .e e � �6;;��(�ll lill O�r, e�:ll�(�ll li�/y�t��C��II,i.IC��llll Ow� °�°I'�(�l��%ll�i��I range of acYions to retluce greenhouse gas emissions or �� Identify a set of actions to include in the climate-ready ��J��r�1 �i.ellll�"fili ID�I�/�2�U ll�f�ll li v�:�'��1� '�V�r�� strengthen climate resilience.Conduct interviews and business resource-Based on information generated � surveys to understand how the resource can be best ' through research efforts,identify and select a set of This action is likely to draw on and expand on the designed to suit their needs.Explore attitudes about actions businesses can take to reduce greenhouse gas resources provided by Efficiency Maine,which are concept and intent of the resource,attitudes around emissions or support climate resilience that will be included geared towards supporting Maine businesses(as well potential actions,starting points,needs,motivations, in the resource.Consult and collaborate with relevant as homeowners and municipalities)in increasing design and format preferences,and barriers to partners(e.g.,Efficiency Maine,Maine DEP,EPA,green energy efficiency and installing renewable energy implementing actions.This step can be combined with technology providers,organizations working in waste technologies.Efficiency Maine currently offers a suite research initiatives in Toolkit#8. reduction innovation,utility and energy companies,industry of informational resources,energy cost calculators associations,and others)to home in on specific actions for different technologies,connections to certified and to identify existing and new resources(e.g.,technical �endors and contractors,technical assistance,as information,funding streams,advising services,etc.)that well as rebates,loans,and incentives for energy ��II�'�L�I"NII'��'�II�II�IL�I"Nll�:ll�v�ll��:'�II�II"N would best support businesses.Work in conjunction with efficiency and renewable energy investments. If municipalities want to get started on the municipal staff during this step to identify ways actions This action is also intended to complement the development of climate-ready business resources could dovetail with new or existing programs offered implementation of Toolkit#$Design and implement independently,they could consider working by the City or Town(e.g.,bulk buy programs for energy- a green trades training and subsidy program.The with an academic partner at a local community efficient heat pumps).Include a range of actions,ranging resource should include links to local contractors and college or university to design a course or a from simple to more complex,and from low-cost to larger service providers participating in the Green Trades service learning project centered on developing investments. and Subsidy Program Together,Toolkit#7 and a set of specific business resources.To ensure Toolkit#$provide knowledge and resources for local that the project is achievable within a semester, Design approach to the advising service-Identify an the project could zero in on a specific scope, approach for delivering the advising service component businesses to implement green,sustainable,and for example:renewable energy installations of the resource.This may include building out capacity resilient actions. on commercial buildings,green procurement or capabilities within municipalities or within a regional practices for food service industries,or energy organization,or funding a new regional position to serve efficiency retrofits for small businesses.Students as a dedicated technical assistance service provider.For would conduct outreach to businesses,and this step,the advising service role should be able to serve work with partners,includingthe municipality,to across municipal boundaries when possible. identify and develop resources and information that would support business needs.The information gathered and resources developed operational,and environmental data to help businesses make would both support businesses independently, strategic decisions about investments;b)a clearinghouse Ihd� aroi.uva;^� If�a ir;i�� ii�u94na�,ir@:ai�l If�a��a��+la�,lr[i�ai�@: and could be shared with the Climate Action or list of relevant local,regional,state,and federal funding Committee,or the lead implementation partner(s) Develop the content of the climate-ready business sources,financing resources,or technical assistance to once established,to support the regional effort. resource-The content of the resource will depend on support the actions in the resource;and c)connections to the needs identified by local businesses and the actions certified local contractors and service providers who can identified.Components will likely include a)financial, support implementation of actions(e.g.,Efficiency Maine ;<'; /; • : • • ff M re.... .e e certified vendors,or custom referral networks developed website,app,physical booklet,etc.).Once format(s)are for the resource).Consider opportunities for alignment determined,work with a graphic designer/web-designer with Toolkit#$which inclutles efforts to strengthen green to tlesign antl puttogether resource content(i.e.,actions, � ��I�'��L�IYII'��I�I��IL�IYIIW�II�v��W�'��II��IY trades training and job pipelines. cost-benefit data,financial resources,local contractor and pnother opportunity for municipalities to Create case studies of local businesses that have service provider list,case studies). contribute to this toolkit independently is to implemented actions-Identify a range of local Define role for municipalities to support Climate-Ready support the generation of case studies.Identify businesses(different sizes,different products/services) Business Resource uptake-Municipal staff can support and list local businesses in the municipalitythat that have already implemented actions in the resource. the uptake of actions in the Climate-Ready Business have implemented green actions.Additionally, Interview them to generate stories about their motivations Resource in a variety of ways(e.g.,direct outreach,posting municipalities could have conversations with those businesses about the green actions and the benefits their businesses have seen as a result of information on municipal websites,events).For this step, and benefits to their businesses they've seen those actions.Additional case studies can be built out as explicit ways that municipalities can contribute should as a result.The list and notes from these more businesses use the resource. be defined in coordination with municipal staff.Because conversations can be shared with the Climate Design and produce the resource-Use stakeholder municipalities across the region will have varying degrees Action Committee or lead implementation feedback to determine the format of the resource(e.g., of capacity to encourage local businesses within their partner(s). municipalities to implement practices in the Climate-Ready Business Resource,a range of options should be identified. ��IIIIIIIII��a��F�ft��F�Cft �� ufu�«��u dNr�ad I business groups and industry associations �---- �---- ---- ---- ---- e. .,Ban or Re ion Chamber ofi Commerce,Downtown ° �� ` ' ��"� � °'"`� ""'""°'" ( g g g Ihd��a7i.u��a;^�II[i�lrla[°iroa i�[Qa[ia�,u�� l �'�' „+ Bangor,Maine Small Business Development Center- Bangor) Build out the advising service-Itlentify antl secure � ! �� H �'�� ' • Educational institutions and centers within academic funding,training or capacity development,or staff or �" �� institutions(eg.,UMaine,Husson University,Eastern operational neetls to supportthe ativising service. ��,�Y l�� Maine Community College,UMaine Cooperative ��`u` �-�� ` �� "� Pilot test the resource implementation-Pilottestthe �y/;�'� Extension,MitchellCenterforSustainabilitySolutions) �.. �� u�, ��j'yl�� ,, resource with a select group of local businesses to test the , , • Municipalstaff(eg.,MunicipalEconomicand �wi o�u ni:��;� v��mr.i. �� „ effectiveness ofithe resource,refierral networks,fiuntling 'r� ,,, ,p„�„�, � i ��! CommunityDevelopmentDepartments) � � /i�i i� . mechanisms,antl ativising service.Make necessary ��/jp "�///i��j�� , � , , ��u �, Regional environmental and economic development � ��/�� atl�usYments to improve the init�ative. ��i�� t� �" organizations(e.g.,EMDC) i/i/i/r% % �%/�7� p • Efficiency Maine Launch the resource and advisor service-ftoll outthe II��, ;�� f�� °j � y i✓ ��/%�j �/� !% � • Local businesses and landlords initiative to all local businesses in the region.Work with a rl� A ��f ll r°��'�iJ;�i//r j �%/%%/�� i • Green construction sector, e. .,contractnrs,service range of partners(e.g.,municipalities,business groups, tiy� �f�//�� /� f jp�/�/�� g sustainabilit rou s,eta to hosYevents,contluctoutreach, �� i�� %��G�� providers,green technology providers) Y g p ) i�, """""" � ,�� /i�m� antl witlel s reatl information on the resource antl ro ram. i��- � ��%� ; � • Utilities and energy companies Y p p g � r ;�� . �� /'� � I��/��/i%%��j�/ I, i.� i I�, I,i.,i , I,I,,,��. ;it, I' �[,� i'l i"i j /; • : • • ff M re.... .e e Develop evaluation and maintenance plan-Establish further promote the resource,and also create pathways for a system for regular documentation and reporting of other local businesses to learn first-hand about the benefits �;oaro'Iy��'�;oaroi�''yiiu:wiF,:ii��a��ua�i�w''a � the initiative's progress,achievements,and challenges. of implementing actions that support sustainability and • The cost of the project will depend on the capacity of Additionally,establish a system to regularly maintain and YeSilienCe. implementation partner(s),the amount of fundingthat the update the YeSouYCe,foY example with new aCtions as they partner(s)would be needed to lead this work,and whether beCOme Yelevant,with uptlatetl tlata antl CaSe SYutlieS,antl �I@UU��;�N,�,NN�k�Yfl�M1'h'tl�fl�Nl NKpry;��III�IIIIRUq� RN&i��'F(�'(�III�IIVU�NI�NN a consultant is brought on to help fecilitate the process. with new contractors antl service provitlers.This evaluation ��II��I�lll4�NN�N�ift��ft�GN�C�F��Fflft��F�ftttq��fttt�F��C�F��Cq�� This budgat may ranga from$75k to$250k,dapanding on scope. process would be a great opportunity to collaborate with • apau�:v;,ksaamia�aa�ir�:kea F�,.¢..,,.R:�r�:¢..rn�.��u,,in�¢..;.,.I�raa�e:ki¢.¢..;: -This is a uestionnaire used b researchers at Ohio • A budget for the advising service may be equivalent to one local academic researchers. a Y University and Loyola University Chicagoto explore drivers full-time staff person,annually,with variability depending CelebYate SUCCess-On a YegulaY basis,identify and barriers to the adoption of green business practices on the scope of services and programs offered. oppoYtunities(at Yegional and muniCipal levels)to CelebYate of Small and Medium Enterprises.A revised version of • If a municipality decides to work directly with an academic and showcase local businesses that implemented actions this questionnaire may serve as a good starting pointfor partner on a smaller,specific set of business resources, fYom the YeSouYCe.These CelebYations Can be used to conducting research with local businesses.The peer- project costs may include staff time;Make sure that reviewed research article that details the resWts and any student and faculty time is valued accordingly interpretation of the findings from the implementation of through direct funding,academic credit,and/or learning � the questionnaire is available here. opportunities. • IC:Cn�iiciiceeirocy IIPm;:uiiirocer-Efficiency Maine offers a significant nuuwa�ka-�fw�i ubNe�If�.�uu�raPrne .d.uuGcMe�fl'vaawmo��Noe�:.nuu�ra�k-�&vna-�ksNe:� suite ofi resources and programs for businesses in Maine, If:'�uu^:"rrnsa^.^:Il�e�kwrorenv4s enfl'8��.p�ra-�ksar I�WoiBa-��Me�tlpaWoia-�-A guide including rebates and incentives,financing resources, , � targeted towards local businesses,outlining different technical assistance,connection to certified vendors and I n n u�-�.. n• ii ^ actions that businesses can take to advance sustainability contractors,and more. i Im i iiii IVi lil i oli iii ioi i io i�i i iimoi i��lm i�i i��u�i iii i IVi im goals.The guide ofifiers a variety ofi actions in the categories , �,��p ��uicMe:��k¢u�`BNrmi�t��k�e;�urna�¢rmk�twe:�s�a-A resource • IIVYau&vne;8.'„Pnwmowmouuvnr��y,�¢.ku¢uni d��.raunr��ra-Funding fior climate of water,energy,waste,transportation,and social impact. mitigation and adaptation effarts,including capacity developed bythe Maine Climate Council that details d,r¢:e�rnVnip;�tifenaur G.'&w��a-nnir�;�ko¢ani"I'cncnVl��k fl'vaawmo`Msavrmncanr� financial supportfrom state and federal programs to help building,planning and implementation projects. If�uu,aPrne;�r,e�,.fl'env:.n¢uc�r�R IPke::ay�Pnni�r.rksdB&ky-Two toolkits Mainers make smart,climate-friendly investments far their • If::,u�a irg'ror If:9Rliw�lia��nu�a�p«uu�aq&�arou�.,a��nir�«�2liarou�IEffiIlaroarlle Q�ir«uu�B: to suppart green actions by local organizations in the business or home. 16^rauF��auwmo QIC:;IC:;9,alf:'�6.��.�-Federal funding designated categories of 1)waste,energy,water,or toxics and 2) to assist states,local governments,and Tribes in • �'kaarkaubau,.c.¢afl'�.°roRaarke,rrnc.¢:rnkfve:�,.naar ud¢:�rn�:��dy�bB¢.,a auim¢M transportation.These toolkits offer frameworks for thinking implementing strategies to reduce energy use,to IC:Cn�iiciiceeirocy-The DSIRE includes links to programs and through organizational transitions to green practices. incentives,searchable by state. reduce fossil fuel emissions,and to improve energy Ilk-nVe:�V�G�i riau,Aka-nV¢na-nknNe If�au,rrns.,^:4'cacnVl�o�-A collection of efficiency,including developing and launching programs • Il�;:uiiiroce.II�ICJfk&�'irceeceeiro IfSuu�.iiirocer�.�.C a irB:GRiic;:uB:Garoiro-A that will suppart those goals. resources and programs to support Raleigh businesses certification program offered bythe Maine Department of in reaching sustainability goals and goals ofithe Raleigh • IC:;Ib'�,�":nau�ra�ka-n&vna-nkn&BR�ky IPke:��ra��a-nr¢.Nn B�paainr��ra-Federal Environmental Protection that awards businesses for being Community Climate Action Plan.Categories include building grants geared towards supportingthe development "environmental leaders,"based on adopting a variety ofi improvements,commuting and transportation,energy of research,methods,programs,or tools that suppart environmental policies and practices. efficiency,waste reduction,and stormwater and water sustainability. quality.An easy-to-digest slideshow ofi the infiormation is also provided. • R.V":nll:�,�IC:;u�ie;v�y Ib'�ra��,��anwmo�ra,R.V":nll:�,�IIV�k,�I�vaup;��auwmo�ra- Fundingfor agriculture and rural businesses to complete energy audits,make energy efficiency improvements,and install renewable energy systems. >"�i `+%ri �,�,�� `�'�a�,�r�;�, , '. �� r��i� Cr i�'na�w %"� �u ii�"^� � i � �� '� l% �/ "V�' i ir A �;i y �� iq�'^ l^l°rv!F"��" � �M� .� � / j '"'u r✓�yi01'� i Ni�r ��1"p�!'�SN o� �'��/9`"Y in NI �Ulipu i�". y ^` � ��,��°'��K �1r(�°`m^ryc�Rm;�uu�`�'"�n �r��J i ,/ ��m�"h'M��ifi"�.�"�4,�"�Y�!!� ' 1 �� 'li" �w ��i j�� ' , iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii/////////% �� i iiiii i ,-„ � � G G .�� ni ' �� i� GHG ,�� %/�%%%i%///%%%%%/ ii � II ,,,,, ,��„,,,,, „-n ,„ „ ,:,„ ,�� iiiiii/iiiiiii///%%%%%////%/�� ,,,,��% �' � � �, * PENOBSCOT � �� CLIMATE ACTION � � / Description of the Action ' Steps for Implementation How This Action Supports the Goals of This action supports the Penobscot Action Region to grow P@IIObSCOt CI1171at@/�Ct1011 the region's green trades and workforce development in � Equity and Environmental Justice.This ways that simultaneously support economic tlevelopment, "'' action expantls access to economic antl workforce greenhousegasemissionsretluctions,anticlimate � Pa�,i.ii�u9pa��@�iari� ii�u�R�u[i i[a(.;�,� opportunitiesingrowingsustainabilityintlustries, resilience goals.The objective of the action is to build Identify a lead implementation partner(s)-The Climate particularly in more rural areas with more limited on existing programs for green workforce development, Action Committee would identify a lead implementation access tojobs.It likewise creates pathways for Mainers identify opportunities to fill gaps or for growth,and to partner or group of partners who will spearhead the from a range of backgrounds to lead the transition strengthen direct links between these programs and local implementation of this toolkit The implementation to a resilient,low-carbon economy.This action can businesses or employers.The results of this initiative may partner(s)may be a regional organization and/or be designed to target and benefit communities that include developing a new program or curriculum,adapting educational partner that focuses on economic development face cumulative barriers to economic and workforce an existin ro ram to include new skill sets or ractices, opportunities,such as residents with disabilities,low- g P g P or workforce development and training goals,and that has income residents,new Mainers,and/or veterans. or developing new partnerships to connect training the capacity to lead toolkit implementation.The Climate opportunities to other Penobscot Climate Action goals and Action Committee would work with the lead implementation Environmental Health.This action supports the programs(such as housing retrofits or supporting climate- partner(s)to discuss the toolkit vision,define a formal `" development of a skilled workforce that can grow read businesses. industries,technologies,and practices that support Y � collaboration process,and identify pathways for funding. environmental health and a low-carbon economy, Green trades include those affiliated with I�<niiirr�ea"sx r.11ea<nirr� The partner(s)would not necessarily be responsible Whether through renewable energy installation,high- eairr�eair�;y sxear l:�rir-such as renewable energy installation, for implementing all actions of this toolkit,but would performance building practices,or climate-adaptive energy efficient building construction,installation of ensure that they are being carried forward.The lead forest management,for example. efficient heating and coolingsystems,and technicians implementation partner(s)may be the same as the lead �� implementation partner(s)for Toolkit#7;if not,coortlination x Community Resilience.A tliverse antl talentetl for electric vehicles and charging infrastructure.They can "'" workforce is the basis for a resilient economy—one also include industries in sustainable building materials Would be beneficial. that can adapt,innovate,and withstand downturns (e.g.,Maine's cross-laminated timber industry),waste Conduct outreach to understand opportunities for green or climate hazards.This action can build resilience management(e.g.,composting,recycling,or material trades workforce development-Conduct interviews,focus by expanding access to economic opportunity, reuse industries),or ecosystem services(e.g.,green groups,and/or surveys to assess challenges,gaps,and strengthening the workforce,and supporting the growth infrastructure installation,adaptive forest management), opportunities to strengthen workforce development in green of sectors that support climate resilience. among other fields.Ultimately,this action can create new trades.This step would include talking with 1)businesses Regional Collaboration.This action prompts career opportunities for individuals pursuing the trades or and service providers about workforce shortages or °v collaboration across the region between training currenUy in the trades,while simultaneously supporting skill gaps in specific sectors;2)industry professionals programs,local businesses and employers,econornic the region's transition to a resilient,low-carbon economy. about opportunities to adapt practices and facilitate development organizations,and municipalities t� ' strengthen a regional workforce and regiona!economy. " �� i „,, , , „ /; • : • f Y Y 4 8,.... �i��(�lllill0�r D�ll�(�ll0° /yt 1�C�°' II i II,��llll0�� °�°��f�l��C s%ll�i��l growthofsusYainableintlustries;3)etlucation,training, �� J��po� U��ll�"fill l,A�r,/y�G,�U,ll�f�llli ,eA��fl1�r 1;V�r,% antlworkforcetlevelopmentpaKnerstotliscussexisting IWia7,;rea�°ir�lf�a i,;i��i�u9lf�a��Varlr[i�ai��@: programs,plans for new programs or program growth,and The State and partners across the State have launched existing challenges;4)students who have gone through Program design and planning-The lead implementation a number of initiatives in the last three years that training programs about experience and outcomes;and 5) partner(s)in collaboration with training provider partner(s) focus on strengthening Maine's workforce,specifically individuals seeking to enter various green trades.This step W�II identify a primary approach(or set of approaches)for in clean energy jobs.in 2020,Maine's climate plan, could be paired with research initiatives in Toolkit#7. strengthening green trades workforce development in the Maine Won't Wait,set targets for doubling Maine's region.Pathways may include developing a new program; clean energy jobs by 2030,and in 2022 the Governor's Identify local training providers to lead or partner with adapting an existing program to include new curricula; Energy Office awarded$2.5 million in grants to clean -Drawing on the findings from the outreach,coordinate expanding the reach of the program or who has access energy employers,industry associations,educational conversations with local training providers that have to the program;developing new approaches to connect institutions,and nonprofits to support curricula experience with workforce development programs,or students to the program;creating new partnerships to development,training programs,job placement have existing programs that can be built on to strengthen connect students to future employers orjob opportunities, services,and other activities related to workforce the green trades pipeline in the region.Discuss outreach or other approaches.The lead implementation partner(s) development. findings and explore the potential for those training would outline the details of the initiative,including goals, providers to lead or participate as partners in this action. target trades,target students,training delivery approaches, A large number of high schools,community colleges, and partners and potential participating employers,as universities,and nonprofits in the Greater Bangor region ��IIJIVIIIIIIIIJVIIJ�V��NRNNNNN�'�I�NRK�( relevant currently support workforce development and training �IICIIlll4�N�dNCC��N��CCF�CR�F�C�� programs,some with existing or emerging programs in Conduct a skills assessment and research existing green trades(e.g.,Eastern Maine Community College's • Local training providers(e.g.,Eastern Maine industr standards-For the develo ment of an new Y p Y programs in solar installation,HVAC systems,and Community College,Eastern Maine Development Corporation,United Technologies Center,UMaine) curricula or program,research key technical skills, energy efficient building construction).Organizations knowledge,abilities,and competencies needed for green such as Efficiency Maine and passivhausMAINE provide • Contractors and service providers in the region trade(s)of focus.Fxplore industry standards,certifications online and statewide trainings on topics such as solar PV • Educational institutions(e.g.,UMaine,Husson for selected trade(s),and existing training programs,and design and installation,heat pump training,and building University,Eastern Maine Community College) identity opportunities to learn from or leverage pre-existing and energy code workshops. • State partners(e.g.,Maine Governor's Energy Office, Clean Energy Partnership) This action will build off these initiatives,focusing on • Businessesand industry experts in selected green �� targeted efforts to strengthen workforce development trade(s) C:Y�'srn;�iK'�cai^re�v�ay�'RJ��a'R�'R�i^�airnirn�;��i^�:u�;i^�ai�ru�t.��st�IK'� within the Greater Bangor region,expanding on current • Municipalities �ii�rut�l'R��arnra��st��ly��i^��sretiK'�t�P��arna'��-��srn rart��a=ai^irrntar�fr��si^ successes or filling gaps,and considering green trades • Regional organizations supportingeconomic `�*��fl''PnR4+�PI`�iIC-.'41��'.ro�'.roCSI^Ril'n�;'CSRI`�fl;al^I�'C'I'nCSYJ:�d1CSR,�,.d1RiCSl'n beyond clean energy sectors.This action will play a key development(eg.,Eastern Maine Development �:a6Dd�ll"'.w��-�'R'6DIt k':JCi�kll'tt'1I[DIIk':",�wu,Nl[DI[D6DI�'d:�IIIC1�„�Ibu,N�IIII4��IIIC1�„�Itk':"'b:It6D'�11'd:"'.w Yole in SuppoYting the SUCCess of otheY toolkits,and is Corporation) '�'6DIt IId�kICl4�ll¢AIt�n 6DIt II'll¢All'tt'1k':r6DA^;9IC1k':rl�n,k':rIC1k':rlt�„",y k';r'�"�ila�lik':rIC1'�: especially intended to complement the implementation • Individuals interested ingrowingtheirgreentrade �"d'A��I�f.gl�"V�;I'➢R II'➢4Rk;BIIk;BRICSI'➢4 frCSI"YJl��ll'➢C'�'��;'�,CSI"�f.gl"CSWIIC�II'➢fs of Toolkit#7-Develop a Climate-Ready Business skills �r�i^rtitar��fr��si^i�rut�rnitai��al t.��srn'R�i^�ataR��si^��i^��s�;i^�ai�ru�. Resource.Together,Toolkit#7 and Toolkit#$provide knowledge and resources for local businesses to implement investments and practices that r�duce greenhouse gas emissions and build climate-��esilience. ;<'; /; • : • f Y Y 4 8,.... resources.Consider ways that training programs can help implementation partner(s),and training partner(s),identify Gather feedback for evaluation and improvement- students meet requirements for existing certifications funding mechanisms to support the development,rollout, Seek feedback from training providers,participants in or provider networks(e.g.,Efficiency Maine registered and ongoing operation of the workforce development the program,and businesses or employers affiliated venders or qualified partners).Consult industry experts to initiative identified.Different funding mechanisms may be with the program.Make necessary adjustments based understand industry and emerging trends and technologies. required for different components. on stakeholder feedback.As relevant,develop a plan for This step may be more or less necessary depending on scaling up the initiative or expanding to additional skill sets training provider partners and the pre-existing programs ' ' based on lessons learned and successful outcomes.Plan that are being built on. for long-term sustainability of the action. IWia7,;rea�°ir�II[i��'�la[ioa�i�[Qa[la�,i� Identify and apply for funding for implementation-In collaboration between the Climate Action Committee,lead Launch the workforce development initiative-Roll out the initiative.For initiatives that involve a new,atlaptetl,or ��o�a'y1f'�,oK7lf�"yllll:wlh:,ill'��&'1f'ua�lf�"y � expanded program,establish connections with interested • The cost for Phase 1 will depend on the capacity of the ��IIIIIIIR�!kR�NINfl�YIGl�IIypqN�INI NKttytt��III�IIIIRU� RN&i��I��1d1VUUNI�NN ContraCtoYs,SeYviCe pYovitleYs,etluCational inSYitutions, implementation partner(s),the amount ofifundingthat ��II�I�ll4NNN�"NkR��N�CN�CCq��F�C��CC��F��Cq��Cq��C�t nonprofits,and others who may be interested in benefiting the partner(s)would be needed to lead this work,and/or fYom oY Su oYtin this woYkfoYCe develo ment initiative. Whether a consultant is brought on to help facilitate. • I'Vd�t�i�ne:��Be:�auni¢;:ene:�r�,�„Y WBd¢urFc1'aur¢��r�F&niauMyra�.a�u�d'�r�y�rur�k Q��P.U��'��p pp g p -This report assesses the workforce and hiring landscape TogetheY,launCh a YeCYuitment and enYollment Campaign to • Costs for Phase 2 would be dependent on the initiative for clean energyjobs in Maine,including employer needs attract individuals interested in joining the green trades or identified.The grants listed below may be able to support and challenges,awareness and perceptions of residents specific initiatives. further developing their skills and certifications. seekingjobs,and the clean energytraining landscape. See the Appendix for an inventory of Maine Clean Energy Training Programs by county.Also see affiliated reports: � � i i ;:sGD,:s�.�tV�rVu�rc,�V�,�ru�r I[ivrc,v��Ilu�ratii�2�;dvy IG�c,pv¢.uvtt and;:sGD,:s;:s ��I Iln I IIII��II�I�I 011111 101 I�1011�1 I�IIIn01 I��IIn I�I I��II I�I III I��Illln NJV�Vu�rc,Q)46�;P�a.uvc,"O,�AVu�rai�u�V�,u�r��.PouraVysV�;. • G�iraeaeiroRiiarllaq&�arouvnuvnuuiroiiB:qr&�arolllla.�gPa�e IM@d6�B�i�daroirllaRaroiraca�e • B.aI�If�B��dBdenvM1�fl'env¢.e.11.��rr¢*R¢uyawmoe;ni�B�raunr�lb'�raaP;��auwmo- • ¢;:x�ae�ni¢Mrm$�,I��-u�k�Nn�de�y.k¢u 0.�aum�4¢R�y aaub�s�a fen F&�u.ksm:a 6i&rau�dini$�, II:�e;we;R¢upawmo�>nr�Ib'�ra��,�vauwmo-A state grantfiunded heating, provides funding for creating a new or enhancing an R:&.r�:��:�rn¢::¢:rarnrawmi�y ud'�:�y�rapk-This report provides a high- ventilation,air conditioning(HVAC)training program housed existingtraining program in Maine to address skills level overview of the green economy landscape in Austin. with the Greenfield Community College in Massachusetts. shortages. The report answers questions such as:What defines Its intention is to improve equity in the green workforce. • 14��e:�¢rier aiV If�Vll..a-nni�M IIIIkF�fl'auvn�MV¢np�e�aaivrmoa-nr4ssa¢ri nenv�dcur4snenv¢:e:� greenactivityandjobs?Whatpublicandprivatesector • Il�y":nII:;IPkII:�,��BNenvM1�fl'env¢.e:ll.��rr�*R¢uyawmoe;ni�a�ni�M"Yr�uuvnrni��lb'�ra��,�v�uwmo^a institutions are en a ed in the reen econom?What is the ctie:�we ticn�rwmn�>nr�-The Maine Governor's Energy Office g g g Y uvn¢:tl�ra-nni ernsar�y-A state-level program,directed towards is trackingfederal funding opportunities designed to current status of the local workforce development system? meeting the state's clean energy future goals,that connects What are the o ortunities for reen ob rowth in the support contractor training,energy auditortraining,and PP g 1 g people,businesses,service providers,and training re ion?This re ort could rovide a useful framework for skills training. g P P providers with opportunities that suppart green and clean- thinking aboutthe local green economy ecosystem. energy workforce development. • IIVNaaiV¢nsa Aenb^:a-nni�M Ilke:�¢ua�rvy 16^Ea-nni-Funding administered • If`ft�iiarii�wi�ary��ciruvnarou�B:�W��uB:Vo�wrii�a:uB.'oarou�W�aroirll��aroiraraclfulla:uu�- throughtheMaineDepartmentofiEducationtosupparta • If�.�auGp¢flOvnp d��.p�*e�rne;v�aukauie:a.B�p¢ern Aenb;a"C'r uuvnrw�ig;!;�anni�M range of workforce development efforts. This is a state-level workforce plan that details the resWts If:'�V¢u^:wdaa8sa^:u¢n Il�e:�wd IMaairr�rni,.8.a'I"-A partnership between city, from a survey of the weatherization workforce landscape in nonprofit,and academic stakeholders to train high school • �•a�a�wmowmoauuunuky e.aMiaainip;e�8��.paainr�^:-EPA fundingfor community- Vermont.This can be useful for brainstorming approaches students from underserved communities and recently based organizations(in partnership with Tribes,local for conductingthe skills assessment and research into incarcerated individuals with the skills to install green governments,and/or higher education)for climate industry standards. infrastructure and plant trees in the community. justice activities,including workforce development. i"i j , Wrr�� „ � ,..� // Y{ �� j � ��I� � � �' �� , a�� Q��t�� i%,��ir� ,,I�I IYIId�IIyllYluul��o I��o�� ///// • '� � !�//i I� II�� ,' %%/%/�.�.�.✓/ f01 * �� !/��l�j%/r PENOBSCOT �+ CLIMATE ACTION / . / / / / ' " DeSCClpt1011 Of the ACt1011 specific services(e.g.,warming/cooling centers,community How This Action Supports the Goals of ' kitchens,mutual aid,educational programming,other),and penobscot Climate Action Resilience hubs are community-serving-and often outlining approaches to expand on existing capacity or fill community-led but supported by local government- gaps.Planning will also include outlining an operational e Equity and Environmental Justice.Resilience places that share resources and information,provide plan for the network,including how the network will " hubs are designed to meet the needs of the care during disasters,and support year-round community coordinate around long-term capacity and strategy,as well community.As community-serving,community-led programming focused on climate resilience and other as communicate and coordinate resources in emergencies. assets,they should take care to address needs of the community needs.Resilience hubs can look and operate Efforts should include a focus on addressing the needs region's most vulnerable residents during crises and differenUy in different places based on community needs. year-round. of people who will be disproportionately impacted by the Resilience hubs can be physical places that are accessible effects of climate change,particularly unsheltered people < Environmental Health.Resilience hubs are ideally and have been made resilient to disasters like floods,heat or people facing food insecurity.Further,it will be critical "' housed in buildings that have been built,or retrofitted waves,and power outages in order to serve as cooling for these actions to be developed in conversation with any over time to be energy efficient and powered by centers,warming centers,or places of refuge.They may transportation related efforts,since access to shelter and renewable energy systems,such as solar and storage. be located in community centers,libraries,housing food is dependent on access to transportation in the region. Year-round programming at the resilience hubs can complexes,places of worship,or similar spaces. also increase resource and information sharing ', on energy efficiency or sustainability resources for The Penobscot Climate Action region has an established residents. network of warming and cooling centers managed by Steps fOC Implemelltat1011 `�� Community Resilience.Resilience hubs support municipalities antl community-basetl organizations. � �: Additionally,the region includes community-based community resilience through providing a resilient physical location(e.g.,accessible warming and cooling organizations that suppoKcommunity resilience in a �� I.�rayi.ii�u�vvayrl� centers during a climate hazard)as well as build social variety of ways such as supporting food access,housing ' Inventor Existin Ca acit and Assess Ga s-Conduct resilience by providing a means to share information, security,and more.This toolkit focuses on a community- y g p y p resources,and care among community members, driven approach to strengthening and expanding this an inventory of existing spaces and services that support community organizations,and municipalities. network to ensure resilience to climate hazards like ', community resilience,considering existing warming and flooding storms,and extreme heat as well as identifying cooling centers'locations,populations served,historical Regional Collaboration.Many of the community ways to build upon and provide resources to this network demand/usage,amenities(heating,cooling,kitchen, organizations who will participate in and support the emer enc ower,flood rotection, ublic trans ortation, operation of resilience hubs are regional organizations so that it can meet additional community needs. g y p p p p and the hubs can serve as a way to connect them ADA accessibility,etc.)to identify gaps and how to fill them. Planning will include assessing existing capacity(e.g., with residents throughout the community.Further,the Community kitchens have been discussed as a possible re ion could establish a central staffin or overnance community spaces and programs that currenUy support g g g added service;similar additional community needs should entity to facilitate the activities of resilience hubs community resilience),identifying gaps or needs for be identified in this hase.This hase would also collect p p across the region. information on community-based organizations that are „� � "„ /; • : • f Y Y B 9. f 8....'M �i:��(�lllill0�r e�:ll�(�ll0° /��C�°' II v�lla��llll0!; °��/�(�l��C s%ll�i��l interestetl in supporting a resilience hubs network antl how commitments coultl be tlocumentetl in a memorantlum of ��J��r�1 �i.�llll�"fili iD�l�/�2�U ll�fnllli v�:�'�11�r ��V�r�� (e.g.,with space,outreach,sYaff/volunteers,materials,etc). untlersYantling(MOU).In atltlition to an MOU,an outcome of this partnership-building effort should include a plan The region has a well-established network of warming Establish Project Team,Build Partnerships,Set Goals- centers that are used on the coldest days of the year, Working as a region,the key partners for implementation for governance of the resilience hubs network including a framework for decision-making and a plan for ongoing especially by unsheltered people,and provide charging should be convened to set short and long-term goals locations when power outages impact the region.There for the resilience hubs network based on data gathered communication. is an opportunity to build upon this network to ensure in Step 1 and capabilities of the key partners.This may these sites are resilient to power outages and to add include a vision for incrementally building capacity for the - - - cooling capabilities.Should the resilience hubs include municipality/regionfromexpantlingcoolingcapacityat IWia7,;rea�°ir�lf�a i,;i��i�u9lf�a��Varlr[i�ai��@: year-roundprogramming,theycanbeavenuetoprovide existing warming centers to eventually providing year-round education and share resources that support healthy and programming with added services that have been identified Identify&Evaluate Sites-This step will include evaluating as needs.It may by important to identify a way to support existing and potential new community resilience hubs thriving communities.Regional planning has identified sites to understand suitability to provide services as part many organizations and partners who have resources a regional coordinator of the resilience hubs network with to share but would benefit from being part of a network various community-based organizations and municipalities of the resilience hubs network. Things like proximityto transportation services,flood vulnerability,and other to reach a wider audience with their information and supporting individual sites or services provided across services.This toolkit could align with Complete and sites.Resilience hub network partners'capabilities and resiliency features will be important to assess as will Walkable Neighborhoods(Toolkit#5)considering how ��IIJIVIIIIIIIIJVIIJV NRNNNNN�I�NRK�( resilience liubs could be a component of compleEe �VCI�&ll4�R��N��O��ft��F�flft�� neighborhoods. ` ��aair��ir�ii��aair Il�l��ir�ii�:ii��ll��:�iiaair� • Community buildings(e.g.,schools,libraries,youth/senior centers,places of worship,community organizations)and The steps under Phase 1:Groundwork are others who could provide space for resilience hub activities) envi5ioned a5 a Yegional planning effoYt;howeveY, • Municipalities an individual municipality could do this work individually.The primary benefit of a regional effort consideration of the specific needs of the population the • Community health programs and programs workingwith site will serve.It's also important to consider whether the unsheltered people(eg.,Northern Light,Needlepoint i5 to minimize the time Commitment foY Community- Sanctuary,Brick Church,etc.) based organizations who provide services to multiple facility or organization is trusted by the population to be • Community-based organizations(eg.Food and Medicine, communities.Next steps will vary based upon the served.Sites in the region's resilience hubs network may Maine MWticWtural Center,Penquis,UMAINE cooperative outcome and goals set.It is likely that project- operate differenUy based upon population served. extension, senior centers,energy efficiency/heating specific funding to enable facility improvements or ldentify Resilience Solutions-This step is about assistance programs,organizations working with immigrants fund expanded programming will be sought at this and new Mainers,etc.) stage.Subsequent steps could be led by community- planning to ensure the facility is prepared to meet the based organizations who will be hosting or managing needs it is intended to fulfill.This would address mitigating • hansportation providers(eg.,Community Connector, any flood risk,ensuring resilient power(e.g.,solar and Penquis,etc.) resilience hubs with municipal support,or vice • Emergency management agencies&volunteer versa.Different models may be used in different storage),discussingstaffing,and similar measures. organizations(e.g.,Penobscot County Emergency communities.The following steps are likely to be "Resilience solutions"may also include programming such ManagementAgency,Penquis Medicai Reserve Corps) taken for specific sites or services that the project as educational offerings,programs that support social team pursues. connectedness,and care such as a plan for neighbor wellness checks during emergencies. ;<'; /; • : • f Y Y B 9. f 8....'M � Illlllil�Im i iiii IVi lil i Oli iii ioi i°io i�i i�iiinoi i��lm i�i i��u�i iii i IVi un I ......... ......... ......... ......... .....__ • `IPke:�raYNde:�rnc�e:�IMauMn�r.9„a-nni IMe:�Rpa 9:ruwmowmoauvnP��Ne.YWnrdar�y,�_an • 8,'„ruwmowmoauenG�ky 8,'„Mi ainip,e B�raainr��ra-EPA fiundingfior If.�GhlGla�,lYf"V"uGlf[ a�,� !uV'@:P,IWIPY�,I°�IIfIf, 1lfU�tl�,��YGle1[la�,lf^�; articlebyPewCharitableTruststhathighlightsworkin community-basedorganizations(inpartnershipwith Baltimore and Minneapolis to build out resilience hubs and Tribes,local governments,and/or higher education) Develop Site and Install Solutions-This step includes demonstrates the adaptability of resilience hubs to look and for environmentaljustice and climatejustice activities. conducting facility upgrades/resilience retrofits,if operate differently based on the community's needs. Resilience hubs are identified as an eligible activity. applicable.(f the resilience hub(or warming or cooling • If�.�a-�R��Nmni¢ar�*,IIVNu'D has been working with a network ofi existing • 8,'„rawmowmouuenG�ky II:�e;we;R¢apawmoe;nr�I�Rsac�M1�B�raunr�-assists units center)is located within a community-based organization's community-based organizations to coordinate efforts,share of local government in various community projects in resources,and build the capacity of the organizations as areas rangingfrom infrastructure,housing,downtown facility,the municipality may be able to play a key role in part of a resilience hub network. revitalization to public facilities and economic securing funding or a portion of funding for designated deveiopment. • II�YiminisaanpacnVV^:,.II�YV�has been workingto build resilience at resilience hubs hosted by community-based organizations. "mobility hubs,"key public spaces where people come to • If::,9Rliw�lia��nu�a�y IIPm«uiiu�a��n IlPmuuu�iiciil�n«ull If::,Ila��nw��Bariirtlic«u2liarou�If�arBarauRiiB:�- Developing an Operations Plan-Developing an operations access transportation modes. (��IId�,�,VItuV��¢:a.vummummuau�idhd��=::Brewer,Hampden,Hermon,Old plan for the site will support readiness for new and pre- • IIVN�r�tinenv¢ri,IIVN,�completed this preliminary assessment to Town) existing Sites/Community-based oYganizations to CaYYy out identify goals and suitable sites for resilience hubs.The • IF'e:�¢rie�raaiV 8.atle�a-nni IC:;�nisav�y a-nni�M 9,atl'¢wmoa-nksa IF'�uvnctiinip;�-includes their role within the resilience hubs network-both for City has since developed an onboardingtool and operations several Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act plan for the resilience hub network. funding programs,includingthe Energy Efficiency and emergency situations but also for any ongoing purposes like supporting educational programs.This will include • G.'&'anhnau,IMII has established a network of resilience hubs in Conservation Block Grant. urban and rural parts ofi the island.They ofifier examples ofi • 8.aruwmowmouuenG�ky":ne�rwN¢.e:��ra If�.�R¢uc�M1�B�raunr�-Grant recipients staff/volunteer management,ensuring adequate resources different t es of o erations far"blue sk and" ra sk and Communit Action A encies can levera e fundin Yp� p� Y" g Y Y" Y g� g� g are available to hubs,and outreach so that community scenarios as well as levels of services offered. to suppart activities to mitigate heat stress including, members are aware of the available services and sites.See , "I"Pna^�8.:ti'¢wmoa-nksa G'&�tisa pacn�Ma:au^Ak profiles examples of but not limited to,establishing neighborhood cooling the case study on 0'ahu,HI in the"Precedents"section communities taking action toward climate resilience, centers and transporting people to cooling centers. for one example of how a region uses different operating including mutual aid and resilience hubs. • ,�,�Vkl�8.arawmowmoauvn��y B.aMiaaiVVe:�rnp;e�B��.raainr�-The program models for its resilience hubs. is intended to help communities make immediate improvements and jump-start long-term progress in IIVp u�;I�NN�M flFhp��flNl NK�IIIIIIIIRU� NN&��IIVUNNI�NN supportofi rosidonts ofi all agos. II�llllll4NNN�"N�ftCF�ft�qNftC�F��F�C RCF�ft�q�C��F��C�F��C��C � • Ib�r6wu�� It�enuuvn�tia-��ku¢ani�ra,such as the CJVt�du�ic�C;¢.vummummuau�idhy W➢ib�uni�.roau.kaurenaubrl6�Ry V�er¢t��k¢ur�sz V�¢r��d¢urFc 6i&�urcM��nia��r�¢uw� �,oKPP.u1f'�oKPIfW,�ullll:blh:iill'�Edd'1f'IIP,�IfW"y � IF'a.muuiain�Pda.vu�i and others,can provide suppartfior various u�d'�r,s�a�iR&�r�rna��r�I��u&w�s�a-including Q��ii�Va,ic,rta.ro ICbc,wc,V¢.ropvVu�r�,",IGdc,^�VVtl�,u�r�c, climate,community,equity,and related initiatives. • The initial assessment and planning effort may cost IFVu.�ltuws which outlines a phases approach to establishing a $50,000-$150,000 depending upon scope and resilience hub. assuming a planning consultant is engaged to facilitate the �VN�u^a�lviwng;R¢arn�'k��rawmirmi�uiv�Ry ud'¢: slre�rime:�:��Mau&ro, ud¢^ara�ur¢:�:�- process. This resource,developed by Washington DC as part of iYs • Subsequent implementation steps can vary widely. municipal climate action plan,gives a great overview of the For example,funding a part-time coordinator to plan goals and functions of a resilience hub network. programming and manage communications for the region's • ��ruwmirmiaumirRy�ru¢ulBrn$ �`o-mik�e:�r 6i&auEcMe�nia��r�-Guidance from the Resilient Hub Network could be less than$5Q000 per Maine Emergency Management Agency on implementing year but identifying sustained funding would be important. cooling centers. Whereas adding air conditioningto a school may be a one- time cost in the hundreds of thousands of dollars. i"i j ��r ��, „> > � ;a � ij,!r� c, ; /�//o ///// • '� i � �%/�✓/ �� * ii n�I °/� ,%!%/r JI=i � , � � PENOBSCOT �+ — CLIMATE ACTION � ` ' ! / 1 / � " DeSCClpt1011 Of the ACt1011 1. Conduct individual food security assessments and How This Action Supports the Goals of ' generate corresponding food action plans;and Penobscot Climate Action Agriculture,which is highly dependent on climate,is expected to face many impacts as a result of changing 2. Form a regional Collaborative dedicated to regional �z Equity and Environmental Justice.This action is weather patterns and more frequent and intense weather food system improvements. "" guided by an overarching goal of ensuring access to events Qike heat waves,droughts,hard freezes,and severe ' Further actions can stem from the results of the municipal- affordable,fresh,nutritious,locally-produced,culturally storms).It will become more difficult to grow crops and scale assessments/action plans and the synergism appropriate food for everyone living in the Penobscot raise animals,and will also become more likely that we generated by the Collaborative,such as more effectively Climate Action region and beyond.This action stems experience significant food delivery interruptions.Both matching food producers to organizations that distribute to from the awareness that those facing financial of these could lead to price spikes that will be especially insecurity and food insecurity often experience ' food insecure populations,and increasing the prevalence challenging for those already struggling to acquire concurrent challenges-for example,households that of home-grown and community-grown products,thereby spend over 30%of their income on rents or mortgages affordable,fresh,nutritious,locally-sourced,and/or ' expanding communityfood options. culturally appropriate food. are more likely to experience food insecurity and are more likely to be impacted by climate change. Research conducted while developing Penobscot Climate St�pS fOt'Il71pI�171�11tat1011 ; Environmental Health.Increasing local footl Action has revealed that while there are a great many ` production,particularly through restorative and organizations addressing food insecurity,questions Note:it's envisioned that the two components could regenerative agricultural practices,increases remain.Namely,what is the state of the food system in the occur in sequence.Firstly,a small project team from each environmental health(such as soil health and air Penobscot Climate Action region?And how can the efforts individual municipality could be formed to lead the Food quality)and decreases environmental impacts(such of existing entities be combined for maximum impact? Security Assessment and Food Action Plan stage.Then, as air pollution from transportation emissions). In co-developing these climate action strategies with the given the results,the Collaborative could be formed.Finally, Community Resilience.Increasing locally-produced community,it became clear to the Penobscot Climate the first round of goals set by the Collaborative could be °'' food increases community resilience by providing Action team that municipalities and organizations did ' determined from the results of the Assessments and Action local food alternatives in the case of supply chain not have access to the data they need to meet the needs Plans. disruptions.Community gardens and agriculture can of community members(food insecure populations and also provide many resilience co-benefits,including an otherwise).Therefore,with the overarching goal of creating ' �' increase in green space,increase in access to healthy a stronger,more resilient food system-one that can foods,and increase in economic opportunities. IW(iii�iu,Cp:u il !uu,pa[a'�+P a�a�u9 !ua u;iciii[yfh�aa��[i�a i�[,�;Qai�u9 withstand shocks like crop damage and supply chain < Regional Collaboration.This action aims to build tlisruptions-thistoolkitrecommentlsthatmunicipalities Pa7aru�d�n�x'[ia�,i�IWleau��mo6 "� moreeffeotiveoommunioationandinoreasedimpaot take two key actions This component involves an assessment of where food is on the part of food system entities in the region.In already being grown,where there is potential to expand this way,entities can share best practices,increase local food production,and where there are opportunities visibility,combine labor forces,and benefit from economies of scale,among other outcomes. „� � /; i . • : • f �� IY�:. 1 ;,M W 6 1 �i:��(�lllill0�r e�:ll�(�ll0° /��C�°' II v�lla��llll0!; °��/�(�l��C s%ll�i��l to connecifootl protlucers with people experiencingfootl reflective of diverse perspectives and experiences from your ��J��r�1 �i.�llll�"fili iD�l�/��2�U ll�fnllli v�:�'�/1� '�V�r�� insecurity-all of which would increase availability of data community-such as age,income,race,gender identity, � and understanding of food systems across the region.First religion,immigration,and language. This action begins with municipal-scale assessments steps would include: that would provide the data needed to most effectively Assess vulnerability and assets through a data-driven address existing and projected food insecurity in the Form a project team-Form a project team made up of analysis-Identify community food resources,populations region in order to build a resilient food system.The representatives from various sectors,inclutling municipal that are experiencingfootl insecurity,antl communities la'f��ii� I �3dr�I�idlc f 3 I n�i IfunnE��r envisions little to staff,educational partners,local institutions,relevant or neighborhoods that could benefit most greatly from no food insecurity and its associated trade-offs-like businesses,and non-profit organizations and/or community expanded access to food resources.Additionally,identify ^skipping meals to pay for housing,medicine,or groups,including food banks,farmers'cooperatives,mutual potential regional partners that could provide expertise heat,or staying in an unsafe relationship because aitl groups,antl local lantl trusts.Ensure your group is antl resources.V�Ge�ag�liime�lir.a��l:�rirar�r�€'�fa�rerc�,uu�ia;xl:lir.a��from other leavingjeopardizes[one's]ability to keep food on the sources,such as the U.S.Census Bureau and other national table for[their]children.°The ftoad Map also notes IIIVIIIIIIII V IIUV NNNNN1NN I�'R NK �� IlClll�lll4��NNC��C��N��N��ft antl local tlata sources,may inclutle the following: that assessments can be used to identify numerous • Academic food system partners(eg.,University of Maine • Food retail options data points,including the following:gaps in federal Cooperative Extension) • Emergency food providers assistance programs and how to meet them through state and local resources;the relationship between • Community-based organization food system partners • Community garden plots food insecurity and factors like age and/or race/ (eg.,Food and Medicine,Penquis,community gardens, . Partici ation in the National School Lunch Pro ram food banks and mutual aid groups) p g ethnicity;barriers to employment;etc.Expanded use • Local institutions(eg.,colleges and universities,K-12 ' Food access points that offer culturally relevant food of technology and better data sharing models will also schools,hospitals and healthcare centers,assisted living options(and which cultures are represented) benefit others located within and beyond the Penobscot faciiities) • Number of persons participating in Supplemental Climate Action region. • Local agricultural sector(eg.,farmers,growers, Nutrition Assistance Program(SNAP,formerly food Additionally,this action could bring together the work processors,distributors) stamps) being done by individual entities in the region for • Local food processing and distribution(e.g.,processors, • Accessibility of grocery stores/food pantries/etc. maximum impact through the implementation of a distributors,storage,grocery retailers) (food access points)by set walking distance,driving Collaborative dedicated to increasing food resilience • Local governments distance,or by public transportation in the Penobscot Climate Action region.For example, • Regional organizations(e.g.,Eastern Maine Development there are many programs and offerings provided by the Corporation) Corroborate,qualify,or expand on findings with University of Maine Cooperative Extension that could community input-Leave space for qualitative reporting • State agencies and programs(eg.,Department of be further ampllfied through partnershlps wlth food ald A ricWture,Conservation,and Forestr ;Maine Climate and first-hand perspectives.Supplement the information g Y organizations,schools,and other institutions. Council) gathered in step two with community input.This • Statewide nonprofits,networks,and initiatives(e.g.,The engagement should include community members,including This action also connects to the Community Hubs for Maine Food Strategy,GrowSmart Maine,Mainers Feeding Environmental Justice and other priority populations, ftesilience(Toolkit#9),as education and resources Mainers,Full Plates Full Potential) organizations that serve the community,and other related to food security could be part of the service • New England initiatives(e.g.,Food Solutions New social networks and community leaders.Utilize multiple offerings of the network. England,New England Food Systems Planners engagement strategies,such as participation in community �� Partnership) events,leading workshops with community-based organizations,surveys,and storytelling events.Document !<'; /; i . • : • f �� IY�:. 1 ;,M W 6 1 the experiences and recommendations that community Conduct outreach and conversations—Conduct outreach members provide. and hold conversations with key stakeholders in the region, � Develop a food action plan—Informed by the results of the focusing on priorities,needs,and vision for a resilient food Food Assessments and Action Plans system.Discuss the concept and intent behind a regional . g;�;i,i�irnall IFa�:e,ua.vui,CJ�ruv va.vir�s food assessment,identifythe major vulnerabilities,assets, Collaborative for Greater Bangor,antl gather perspectives • u;suavunu�ig;rta.vu�i,u�rirumma.vu�irt and goals for the municipality in the form of a Food Action Plan.The plan should be specific to the municipalities' on potential opportunities,value,or impact that could Food Action Plans be created through coordination.The goal of these needs and ouUine the goals and recommendations that • IC.�ruviisrta.vur,�,ualr.miavui,lvunafmi�: conversations is both to coalesce around common themes would prioritize community needs.Food Action Plans often • u.'i�'�iibY��onAiii�'��: aim for the following types of goals to increase protluction, for builtling footl sysYem resilience,to builtl relationships . �rou�u�i¢:Picrrart�rir,�Ic�uv Il�uu�umm�uraPrdir�r within the food system space,and to invite interested sales,antl consumption of locally-protlucetl footl;to create • Sau�¢��a.v�'�r�u��:rac�e;Pr�i,rae�rt¢ra stakeholders tojoin in formingthe Collaborative.Continue jobs and improve economic opportunities in food and • ¢;naummir.uvuaie;�:,��nassnae;o-nusermas to expand outreach based on recommendations and farming;to protect the lantl antl water neetletl to protluce • Sau�¢��a.v�"u��irumm�.vu'irt food;to ensure food safety;and to reduce waste,hunger, introductions from initial conversations. Regionai Food System Coilaboratives and food insecurity. Launch the Collaborative—Launch the Collaborative • B;sacn�r�owne�swnera�IFencn�r Ifia-nn�us-based in Auburn,Maine,works for the Greater Bangor region.Set the first round of goals closely with over 600 partner agencies.In one partnership e •e and objectives,based on the results of the Food Security with the Preble Street Food Program,both worked with �� Assessments and Food Action Plans of each municipality, other organizations to establish a'IF'a.va.vv.i S�r¢,uavVay IlilualY.W that Ih�dR Ia�,IfeIV�-EuupalG If�R„�II'YRYII .n',RU6:4'�bllflf�[P'„��.�G�n�,[IaYI�"�P��Py¢yU'.� willbecapableofiserving1Q000mealsperday.TheGood ,, as well as any new insight that emerged through preliminary Shepherd Food Bank collaborative model demonstrates "�u �la,ri��od,ra.rlluil.i�7iuil[��[trr's� conversations.Asastartin oint,existin riorities, '�1 g P g P tho impaotofi working with a ir au�ig�,^p�9¢.v�'�uairu�iuc9irr.�s,inoluding This component focuses on building food resilience as identified by Penobscot Climate Action,include the local small businesses like insurance companies and following: breweries;big-box consumer goods stores like Walmart and through enhancing regional coordination and support for BJ's;smaller groceries like Shaw's and Hannaford;private local farmers,gardeners,food distributors,institutions, • Create a plan for how to help the community get companies like Bank of America and Poland Spring;and local and residents.Y�2ea^�ea<nirr.lYo r.r.rirr�e�u�ir.l.�:.c�Ilay'I"IYoea I�<niiirr�ea Ymarerc� food during supply-chain emergencies and climate non-profits;among others.Good Shepard Food Bank also ,`.^ol:ir<�arl.¢::.�;g�has shown that networks allow groups to organize emergencies; has an dq�aiwa.va:u:�e;y dq�aiwd�^:¢.viry C;¢.miku'i¢:tlll,which meets regularly to effectively,advance policies,and maximize programs, , identify,then advance advocacy priorities pike focusing on More effectively match food producers to organizations culturally-specific food projects and working with schools with resources,and opportunities.First steps would include: that distribute to food insecure o ulations; p p large populations of students on free-and reduced-lunch Identify a"host organization"for the Collaborative • More effectively match local growers,distributors,and programs). — The Climate Action Committee will identify a host other entities with financing models and grants that • �.auuu�'owaar�'ovn�;¢.arawmowmouuvn��y-based in Portiand,nnaine,focuses organization for the Food System Collaborative,that would remove barriers to food generation and food access; on urban gardens,community gardens,and school gardens, be responsible for convening and coordinating efforts � as well as education for new leaders and farmers. Increase production and distribution of fresh and local within the Collaborative.The host organization may be a • IFearauP:enn�a��'oa:auu�aure Vrn Ilaauraa�V Il�aa�Vvnsa�6¢:hneacnuP:QIF,�IIauVY�6�- food products; brings educational programs,local food,and garden-based community nonprofit,a regional organization,an academic • Increase prevalence of self-reliance via home-grown curricula to school cafeterias. center,or another entity that works in the food system antlCommunity-gYownpYotluCts; • "Y'Pne�IIVNaai&vne;B�raai&rn,�Vk&a-nnic�e:�-promotestheproductionand space and that has the capacity to facilitate this initiative. • Increase availability of food systemsjobs,especially in use of locally-grown grains through annual conferences and The Climate Action Committee would work with the host celebrations where members can share knowledge and best organization to support the toolkit vision and identify food preparation,as fresh food preparation requires practices. pathways for funding. more labor; I! j /; i . • : • f �� IY�:. 1 ;,M W 6 1 • Design antl propose zoning ortlinances that promote, Collaborative will connect with antl/or align with other I@pu��NN�NN�k�YNFhp��NI NK�IIIIIIIIRU� Ny&i�(I��IIVUNNI�NN rather than restrict,small-scale agricultural uses; networks coordinating around food system resilience u'I'u��iiuu�KOar�r��r'c��r��r��'r��r�c��c��rr • Design and propose zoning ordinances that conserve either in different geographies or broader scales(e.g.,The • The USOA provides resources around conducting IFa.ud.ur4 Maine Food Strategy,Food Solutions New Engiand,Maine ��:�u.�vVay,�2s2sr,s2suvuc,ur�2s,such that one could be created for existing agYiCuituYal lands;and the region with sub-reports for individual municipalities Network of Community Food Councils,UMaine Cooperative • Establish a community entity that processes and and/or organizations,such as��.P�Vws a.uu�rc,from ICDiiavP¢auvu,VW�. Extension,etc.).Create systems for regularly reflecting on packages local food products for distribution to • �VpNnr�k�ddr�iwne.'va u eaea�ti�.wyP.ke:wmi V��r�va�va V�ea�-Findings from progress,and adapting approaches based on learnings. inStitutiOnS and COmmunity membeYS. a study bythe NJV�Vu'rc,IFa.u¢.ur,4:�8�.v�uc:�g;y that outlines key recommendations for strengthening Maine's food systems, Establish governance systems-Outline how the with a focus on leadership and strategy. Collaborative will work together,inclutling roles antl �,oK7?'y1f'�,oK7lf�"yllll:wlh:,ill'��&'1f'ua�lf�"y � • "Y'Nne:�I'Vdr�i�ne:�u'�'¢u¢u�M�.b�Rrau�ka::��,Y u:araurmi�r�w�aurFc-A framework(or responsibilities,frequency of ineetings,and systems • The initial assessment efforts may cost$5Q000- organizingtool)produced bythe Maine Food Strategy foY CollaboYating.(dentify ways in whiCh the Yegional $150,000,per municipality,depending upon scope and designed to help organizations collaborate across sectors assuming a planning consultant is engaged to facilitate to strengthen Maine's food systems. the process.Subsequent implementation steps can vary • ¢;:we ryauw�e:�au�k��kNne I uktk�r�:I'Vd�t�w�ne,!a u�d'enrr�¢Mwmi�t��a�k¢u¢;:ni¢M�M�uni$�,�r�r PF2ECEDENT5 Continued widely,depending on the goals of the Collaborative. ( ) kw;y��'4.�u,b&U-Maine's plan to end hunger,produced bythe • "I"Pne�IIVY�rvwyrmosae�kovnp;�IF'eacn�M 8.aruauvn�iB-is a collaborative of Department of AgricWture,Conservation,and Forestry. farms,fisheries,businesses,nonprofits,government,and i • u1°eacn�M ud¢,slie.�ime:¢r F&I�Vaau�u�iimg R�.aut¢Me:�naar�ea��ul R:&��.cnve rrnwmi¢:�rnttva individuals from 14 communities around Merrymeeting IIIIIN� o- o- a�.v. o-• g m c -This resource,produced bythe John Hopkins Center for a Bay,Maine.The Merrymeeting Food Council,among II�In I IIII��II�I�I��IIII 101I 1011�1I IIIn01 I��In I�I I�IIII I�I III I��Illln Livable Future,guides local governments in buildingfood others including Food and Medicine,participate in the • R.V":nll:�,�IPker,r�,�9¢uniauR IFaucn�M":ny�s�a�ke;wmo Ib'�anr��vne;v�raWnfpa B�raunr��ra-supports system resilience in a waythat promotes equitable andjust CJVt�du�ic�CJc�ihrvra.virWs a.v�'Q;¢.vummummuau�idhy IF'a.v¢.vai Q;¢.miku�i¢:tlV�^:.Many partnerships thatconnect public and private resources to food systems. other participating organizations serve numerous towns plan and develop local or regional food systems.Funding • p�'¢yPb�ry�.w¢alaukfaarn^a V��:�w!d¢::eng„.lauim¢M-aggregates a wealth including rural areas:Good Food Council of Greater ranges from$10Q000 to$1,OOQ000. of resources related to building resilient food systems, Lewiston-Auburn,Local Food Connection ofi Greater Bethel, . g,p�;�ll:�,�8.'„ruwmowmouuvnP��y IF�eaPn�M Ib'�r¢u�s,c��ra�.':ruwmopae;��N�kGar�*B�raunr� including Po kWc,�nr I[iu�r�,",V�ru�ra{IF�a.u¢.ur,4'�V^�;V¢.rou�r,a strategic vision for and Knox County Food Council of Knox County. 16^rauF��aaiwmo-supports partnerships and initiatives to meet strengtheningfood systems in New England. • Ilnr�e:�rwauVe�8 c;�rm�e:�r-in Burlington,Vermont is an"ecosystem community fiood needs related to expanding local fiood,fiood . �y�y��ni$,rc„kauni¢M u''¢u¢u�M roy:a�ke:�wmi I�Vaau�u�ik�n$�,I�ui hni¢r�r�sxNnip- of farms,community gardens,programs,and recreational access,agricWture,or nutrition challenges. aggregates a wealth of research and initiatives tied to spaces'In 2022,Intervale distributed 12,600 pounds • R.V":nll:�,�Il�ke:��raPN&e:�rm�IF�eacn�M":ny�ra�ke;wmo�ra Ilnifl'vaai�ra�krau¢.�aur�*Ib'�raup;��aaiwmo strengtheningfood system resilience,including a Food of produce in their Free CSA Program,completed three -supports building resilience in supply chains,such as Systems Resilience Assessment Tool that is currently under pollinator projects,and held 27 educational workshops, expanding markets to small farms and food businesses. development(as of January 2024�). among other actions and accomplishments.The Intervale Center works closely with dq�dq,IG.Wf,a Vermont based social • IIVYau&vne.8.'„PnwmowmouuvnP4y Ilke.rN6e:�rnc�e�Ib'��r�ku�ie;r�raWorpa d��.p�unr��ra-Funding • �.bau�s k urm+uktk�r��"Y'provides a repository ofi actions that can services organization dedicated to supporting New for climate mitigation and adaptation effarts,including be conducted by collaboratives and partnerships(see 10.1 Americans and refugees in Vermont,including Bhutanese, capacity building planning,and implementation projects. -Encourage an Equitable and Just Food System&10.5- Support Equitable Food Access and Local Farmers&10.4� Burmese and Iraqi populations. • 16^roaaar�� 14'enauvn�Manko¢ani, .such as the CJV auu�i�:�Q avummummuaiuCihy -Develop and Promote Community GrowingSpaces). 8"c;�rn�e:�r nenv F�F��o¢:au�kaur uV IC:;¢:aunicuwmoy u¢n`Msavrnncunr�-a good IF�a.miau�iai aB�.Cia.vu�i and the CJ�uv If:.u�ig,�V auiai IF�ava.vvi Sy�.rt��umm Ild�rsCillCietu�i¢,�:� example of a regional body that coordinates and supports IF'uau�iai,can provide supportfor various climate,community, a robust food system in VermonYs Northeast Kingdom. equity,and related initiatives. They have various case studies on food processing models and food distributions models. >"�i `+%ri �i � %r /i, //i �% � ji �/�i �ir,�i PENOBSCOT CLIMATE ACTION � EI� �CI �I� �11� , �f ' ��1 , . . . r ► �. Additional Strategies I��,u7��L��I�I� I��I�I�°n�4�� I�°n�I��+ I�aa I�°n�I� I�v�4��" , �„ , . ,�,��, �,.; �„ ��,,. NoterelatedtoGHGemissionsreductions:8uildingretrofitsmayhave particularsizethreshold totrack and disclose energy use thegreatestimpactanGHGemissiansintheregianbydirectlyreducing andgreenhousegasemissions. Trackingwillhelpidentify the energyuse intensity afexistingbuildings thraugh increased energy and prioritize larger consumers that could most benefit from efficiency and the electrification ofheating and cooling systems. energy retrofit programs.After tracking and reporting for a set period of time, benchmarked buildings would then be required ner y au its an ee ener retrofits for unici al to start achieving energy savings and/or greenhouse gas buildings and public schools - Commission a strategic �missions reductions through building"tune-ups."This may energy management plan (SEMP)for decarbonizing re uire additional staff ca acit to track, and to su q p y pport small municipal building portfolios, and use the SEMP to begin ��ndlords with necessary capital to make upgrades. This will implementation of deep energy retrofits for municipal have significant impacts on the region's ability to meet GHG buildings, including beneficial electrification of building emissions reductions goals as identified by the state. systems and improving energy. Launch a coordinated program to retrofit municipal and public school buildings, including I le ent ener y e iciency stan ar s for rental housin the installation of energy efficient cooling systems. Enter - Integrate energy efficiency standards into existing rental into power purchase agreements to get renewable energy licensing programs and/or adopt rental licensing programs for facilities. Increase staff capacity for management. As an that integrate energy efficiency. Municipalities would then example,the Town of Orono recently completed energy audits develop a program that involves registration, inspection, and on municipal buildings. eventually pathways for retrofits for noncompliant rental units to address known health,safety, and energy efficiency issues, ner y au its an ee ener retrofits for co ercial with a specific focus on protecting housing affordability and buildings - Launch a coordinated program to retrofit reducing burden on small-scale landlords. This will have commercial buildings, including the installation of energy significant impacts on the region's ability to meet GHG efficient cooling systems. Enter into power purchase emissions reductions goals as identified by the state. agreements to get renewable energy for facilities. Increase staff capacity for management. Create a historic preservation and resilience plan - In addition to vulnerability assessments, cities or towns can Implement benchmarking and "tune-up"or performance create a historic preservation and resilience plan to target standards - Implement an ordinance that requires historic buildings for resiliency upgrades. See Rhode Island's commercial and multifamily residential buildings over a "Keeping History Above Water" initiative, as an example. ��, ,�; ;r �%/ • • ° • 1: 1 1 1 .. i� ,i �= i -. � i ... � ii�; �;�. r � i r i ,,,,,.,e��,,.,�,� r,;,�,� � ,��,,.1/r,,,�,,. ,.,�„� <,';'r�/ -,e,j,r,,,F��-.e ,,,inw.,, ,, ,.�,r „o,,,��o,�<, ,,,��,,,,, ,,,,�or� ,,,,,,,,i�,o „o✓�,,,,,.� �,ti Note related to GHG emissionsreductions:Strategies thatbuild and Enhance community resilience through housing support strengthen resilientand renewable energysystems will cantribute ta programming -Access to resilient, energy efficient, and safe emissians reductians bysupporting the expansian aflacal salarand housing is essential to community well-being and economic impraving the regian's Renewable Portfalia Standard(i.e.,greening af security. Housing support and service programs for those the grid). experiencing housing insecurity also needs to be reinforced so services aren't interrupted during extreme weather Implement resilient power systems - Conduct an events. This reinforcement could take many forms, including assessment of potential sites for a resilient power system implementing a "housing first approach", using ARPA funds for (i.e.,solar and storage)that would provide backup power �viction prevention and diversion, or implementing disaster to support critical infrastructure or operations. Prioritize recovery planning that leverages disaster recovery activities to municipal buildings and parking lots, as well as sites that further fair housing goals.This strategy would be particularly serve residents with greater vulnerability(e.g., affordable successful if approached regionally. housing, nursing homes or assisted livingfacilities, community centers,shelters, or health clinics). Consider clustering multiple sites with a microgrid. I� I��v��l�°n��ld°��I�v� IQ°��'�I� I��'��I�°n� ��'��Id'�I� AI��,�� Facilitate expansion of rooftop solar - Launch a ,.. coordinated effort(marketing, education,technical � , °� � ,°�'� �' �' °'��,d'��,� �" assistance, program financing}to support the expansion of Culvert inventories -Audit culverts impacting local roads in rooftop solar- starting with municipal buildings and parking conjunction with BACTS conducting a culvert inventory along lots - and then expandingto homes, multifamily housing, key corridors,to assess their condition and prioritize upgrades commercial and industrial buildings. Procure grant funding based on climate projections and for future capacity needs. to assess suitable buildings, hire "solar ambassadors"to This strategy could be combined with "Identify and Address lead targeted outreach, and work with a solar developer to Priority Stormwater Infrastructure Upgrades" (See section on facilitate solar installations. Environment, Water, and Waste Systems)to more holistically address flooding and stormwater infrastructure upgrades. Update zoning to expand renewable energy infrastructure while protecting critical ecosystems and wildlife habitat uild out asset management systems with climate data - - Update zoning to enable construction or expansion of Begin logging and tracking flooding incidents,storm damage, renewable energy infrastructure. Implement ordinances that or other climate data in asset management systems in order ensure solar installation is prioritized on already developed to collect data, predict needed upgrades, and prioritize land,such as rooftops, parking lots, brownfields, or landfills; infrastructure investments. that low-impact development practices are used when considering citing infrastructure in forested/agricultural land ' �� '.� ;� ' ��;` , ,�:� or in significant wildlife habitat; and that incentivize solar pevelop complete streets guidelines and model ordinance ready new construction. Consider bulk purchasing programs _ gACTS will develop complete street guidelines that are to support expansion of renewable energy infrastructure. tailored to different size municipalities, and model ordinance Facilitate expansion of community renewable ener ��nguage to help municipalities adopt complete street systems - Explore sites, ownership, and financing options ordinances. Note that this action dovetails with many of for a community solar project to expand access to solar for the steps and components outlined as a part of fostering renters and residents without access to financial resources complete and walkable neighborhoods(Toolkit#5}. or a rooftop suitable for solar.This action could also involve assessing additional options for community wind. �� %/ • • ° • 1: 1 1 1 ,l,,�,,��' ,�,,,� ,�,,,,,��,'�, ,, %�,,,� ,� Integrate EV charging requlrements Into zoning ordlnances Conduct a feasibility assessment and business plan for an - Update zoning ordinances to require commercial and income-tiered EV car-share program -An income-tiered EV residential new developments with off-street parking(as well car-share program could be an additional way to expand (low- as any new municipal facilities)to equip a certain percentage carbon and low-pollution!)transportation options to people of parking spaces with EV charging stations and/or consider without access to a private vehicle. Such a program could be requiring that a specific percentage of spaces meet EV-ready based and/or operated at a site with other services accessed p�rameters. by low-income families. Launch an initiative to encourage personal V purchasing- Implement(or expand}electric bike-share or scooter-share Develop and implement a community outreach plan that aims program - Old Town has had Bird Scooters since 2022, and to demystify, share information on feasibility and options, the program has recently expanded to Orono. Expand and/ �nd encourage residents in the Bangor region to consider an or implement bike-share or scooter-share programs in other EV vehicle purchase. Promote the rebates offered through Efficiency Maine and participating dealerships and consider towns. Broaden access to e-bikes through programs such as credit-free payment options, rebates for residents purchasing creating municipal incentives for installing charging systems their own e-bikes, and expanding adaptive fleets that could at home. Host promotional events in collaboration with include recumbent bikes, cargo bikes, child-sized bikes, or local car dealers to host an "EV showcase"that would allow other models to fit a wider range of people's needs. residents to test drive and consider a range of EV options. , , �.,,.��' .,, .,,.�„' „'.��'� .„.'� � e„. , e,„ ��- NotereiatedtoGHGemissionsreductions:vehicleelectrification I��AI�°n��l�l��v��r��l�°n��l�\�,�I�al�°n�l�� \`��I� I��AI�v�� 1�°n��l�,�' isparticularlyimpactfulfarreducingGHGemissiansassaciatedwith �� I�I�aa ��I� I�AI��'� an-road vehicles using gasaline and diesel by increasing the share af law-arzera-emissians vehicles being driven in the regian. '%r�`�� ./�� Advance research, education,and advocacy for long-term Develop a transition plan for municipal vehicle fleets- regional approaches to waste -The waste landscape in Develop a capital transition plan for transitioning municipal the Penobscot Climate Action region has undergone many vehicles and lawn-care equipment to electric and alternative changes in recent years. Launch an effort to take a holistic fuel vehicles. Consider using performance-based procurement approach to research and evaluation of potential options; for contracted vehicles(such as school buses), which would education to increase transparency and communication give preference to companies that use electric vehicles in around waste; and advocacy towards a suite of regional their fleets. approaches for diverting waste from landfills, minimizing xpand electric vehicle charging stations in existing lots - pollution and leaching of toxic chemicals, cultivating economic Build out EV charging stations in municipal lots, including lots opportunities, and creating value from waste. for employees. Launch an outreach and information campaign romote zero-waste business initiatives - Launch an to encourage the buildout of public charging stations in outreach campaign that connects with local businesses to private lots.Such a campaign would share testimonials provide information, resources, and technical assistance for and case studies from other local businesses who have identifying ways to reduce waste, reuse materials, source installed EV chargers, as well as information on available tax recycled or compostable products(such as packaging and credits, rebates, and other financing mechanisms to support serviceware), or offer low-or zero-waste product options. Pair EV charger installation. Coordinate with state and federal partners to select locations for charging stations that align this campaign with small grants for businesses to embark on zero-waste efforts, and/or marketing to champion local with local priorities as part of state and federal plans to success stories and to celebrate work businesses are doing expand EV charging along key corridors. to reduce waste. Note State of Maine's Extended Producer Responsibility Bill for Packaging. i, !/ �%/ • • ° • 1: 1 1 1 Implement composting drop-off programs- Facilitate IQ��I� I�a��1�°nd�i��l��,�l�l�a�°�� I�°n�la�+ IQ�I��I�AIQ�I�I��la�+�i� commercial and residential compostingthrough drop-off programs for food waste, leaf and yard waste. Food or yard � „�,, � , ,�„ , ,,, �, , � „�,v, , ,v� ,, ,. waste can be turned into compost and provided to community gardens, small farms, and residents for free.Augusta's leaf Create a green/resilience business passport incentive and yard waste composting initiative can be used as an program - Design a passport initiative program to engage example. both businesses and customers in educational and engaging and awareness of green,sustainable, and resilience actions ,;, v;; ,�, ��, � ,v� taken by local businesses. Example incentives include offering a 10%discount on purchases, offering stickers Update stormwater design standards and ordinances - for filling in passports, and receiving a prize for filling Update or adopt municipal stormwater infrastructure design out a full passport. This program is intended to promote standards that account for local climate projections for environmentally responsible practices among businesses higher intensity storm events. Update municipal stormwater while encouraging individuals to make responsible consumer regulations to include low impact development standards, choices in their community. which would encourage new development to achieve higher rates of stormwater retention, infiltration, evapotranspiration, ,; ,,, � , �� ,.- ��f � ,d.., , ..,� � ��.., ,� and groundwater recharge on site through green infrastructure systems and to incentivize smaller areas of Create pipelines for municipal positions(especially that impervious surfaces. support climate goals} - Bangor created a free commercial drivers license(CDL)training program that then connected Identify and address priority stormwater infrastructure students in the program with bus driver and plow driver upgrades based on climate risk and climate justice - positions in the city. This action could involve collaborating Conduct hydrodynamic/ hydrologic modeling under future with education/adult education and career development climate scenarios in specific areas to understand the extent of partners to build out similar programs,specifically for flooding from overwhelmed drainage systems in increasingly municipal positions that support the region's climate goals. heavy storm events. Use this information, in conjunction with For example, efforts to decarbonize and increase the energy local knowledge of areas that already experience frequent efficiency of municipal buildings will create a greater need flooding,to prioritize upgrades to stormwater systems in for qualified facilities managers.This action could focus capital improvement plans. Of those sites, prioritize locations on working with career development partners to develop a that affect communities that are already disproportionately local facilities management training program with a focus on affected by climate change. Work with impacted community energy efficiency and building decarbonization (e.g., Building groups to assess a suite of sites suitable for green Operators Certification}, including a focus on advancement infrastructure to minimize the impact on the(gray)stormwater opportunities for incumbent maintenance staff. Check out system. the Public Administration courses at UMaine Augusta's Early College Program for an example of partnerships with local valuate the feasibility of a stormwater utility - Conduct a education institutions developing a pipeline of municipal feasibility study for establishing a stormwater utility modeled employees. after the stormwater utility implemented by Bangor in 2012. Create youth summer employment opportunities - articipate in F A's community rating system -The Collaborate with organizations supporting youth workforce Community Rating System is a voluntary program under development to build out a youth employment program the National Flood Insurance Program. When participating that connects youth and young adults with summerjob communities implement specific flood protection activities, opportunities in municipal government and regional residents within those communities receive discounts on organizations. Consider ways that the program could facilitate flood insurance premiums. job opportunities by providing subsidized wages for youth that work with selected employers, and by supporting youth with job readiness training and other resources. These positions ��r,, r> �%/ • • ° • 1: 1 1 1 could align with climate goals, such as "tree ambassador" programs for watering new trees and monitoring for pests. Check out the United Technologies Center and UME Forestry for examples of formal internship programs that connect students with local municipal and private employers. xpand workforce opportunities through broadband expansion - Much of the BACTS region (Hermon, Hampton, Orrington, Brewer, Orono, Old Town, Penobscot Indian Nation Island, Milford, Bradley) is underserved in terms of r�,rc�,,��,d;�„r�,��„r7�,d;�,,, ,��,r;,r.,,�;;�,�. A number of initiatives and partnerships(e.g., OTO Fiber in Orono and Old Town, Milford's participation in a regional Get Ready: Community Support Program grant from the Maine Connectivity Authority, etc.) are working to combat that challenge.Target specific next steps to closing gaps in the region. I��I�aa�I� I� I�°� , . ,< ,� , .,, .% Expand urban farms,food forests,and community gardens - Remove any barriers for small-scale agriculture and associated structures in urbanized areas through zoning upgrades; identify municipal-owned properties that could be converted to public food forests or community gardens; enable lease-agreements for the use of municipal-owned land for food growing operations; and explore tax or other incentives for buildings or sites that explore innovative features that support health and climate goals(e.g., co- locating rooftop community garden and community rooftop solar). �% �i � %r /i, //i �% � ji �/�i �ir,�i PENOBSCOT CLIMATE ACTION �d� t�1��6'IV��11� , �f ' ��lf , . . - r ► i � Community Process Memo ' 2}The Advlsory Commlttee, composed of over 20 individuals , ,,,,.,,, . .,,�.. ..„.. .. , ,.,,,...,,,... .., , „. ,... . ,.. ... � representing town sta`F`F, community-based organizations, r: ,,: ;,,,,; ,,,,; ;� �;,;s „. :,,; „�,.,,,,;.:s;.:,ia[�3-, ,,,..:, �t�t.,, , .,..,., , . � � " �� Penobscot Tribal membership, and youth, steered the �, ` /, � ., ,. -:; % �_ . � �� ° �'�� '�� f engagement and outreach process throughout the project, , ,_,,; ��-: ;.; � and provided a local community perspective to inForm the �; r,; �, ,�„ overall development of Penobscot Climate Action. During Phase II,the Project Team, with the help of the Advisory Committee, also convened several Working Groups Penobscot Climate Action unfolded in two phases, beginning to inform the production of the toolkits.Working Groups were in May 2022, and ending in March 2024: composed of town staff, residents, and advocates. Working Groups are discussed in more detail in the section on Phase III°�"'I!`1o�G;r�°'.�p�� III II below. li ate vulnerability assess ent( VA) an �I��I��7o��r��:u,�� I�I greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory o unity- riven cli ate action planning an Using GIS-based mapping, a review of relevant climate StP2ltegy eVelop ent science and projections, and interviews with residents and town staff,the CVA and GHG emissions inventory provide a To solicit broad community feedback that directly informed baseline assessment of current and future climate risks for the development of the Penobscot Climate Action strategies, the region. These data served as the foundation for decision Phase II rolled out in three stages: making and action planning that took place during the second phase of the project. 1} rinciples and riorities evelopment tage:Generated project principles and priorities, and developed accountability Phase I was led by two stakeholder groups: measures that ensured that the Project Team upheld their commitment to the principles, priorities, and community-led 1}The roject Team, composed of BACTS, Bangor and Orono �pproach. town staff, and consultants from BSC Group, Introba, and Linnean oversaw the conceptualization and implementation of 2} olution Co-Creation tage:Co-created strategies that all phases of the project; were directly informed by the community's principles and ��, ,�; ;r �%/ • • ° • 1: 1 1 1 priorities,guided by Maine Won't Wait and other regional plans, and supplemented with technical expertise from BSC Group, Linnean, and Introba.Working Groups identified ten �` """�"��" " ""°�"� �` "��" ' strategies with high near-term impact to develop into toolkits. Surveys were circulated using physical flyers in Toolkits provide additional specific information and resources p�blic spaces such as Ifbraries, coffee shops, and that identify opportunities for, and reduce barriers to, strategy other communal venues.Additionally, distribution implementation. occurred at local events, complemented by online 3}Implementation Workshops Stage: Hosted workshops distribution on city websites, news articles, social to support the implementation of the toolkits and identify media platforms, and email Ifsts. opportunities to enhance the usability of the final toolkits for The first survey, conducted from April to June 2d23, key stakeholders. generated just over 300 participants. Responses During the "Principles and Priorities Development Stage," helped build the Project Team's understanding of the Project Team administered digital surveys, attended climate action priorities and preferences throughout community events, and organized small group meetings the Penobscot Climate Action region.Additionally, to engage residents,town staff, and other local leaders. the survey directly facilitated the identification Through these engagement activities,the Project Team and and recruitment of residents within the Penobscot Advisory Committee developed a set of principles that guided Climate Action region who expressed interest in the development of the plan.The principles that guided the participating in subsequent stages in the process, project include: including working groups,the second survey, and implementation workshops. • Equity and Environmental Justice • Environmental Health Starting in June 2023,the second survey generated Community Resilience 265 responses, and indicated that there was � wide-spread support for the strategies that • Regional Collaboration were further developed during the "Solution Co- creation Stage." These findings guided Working The engagement activities also highlighted five issue areas Group discussions, and supported the toolkits. of high priority to residents of the region.Strategies were Notably,the results exposed a gap between the developed to explicitly intersect with the following priority perceived community prioritization of strategies and areas: individuals' willingness to actively engage in related • Housing actions.This highlights the importance of providing • Transportation and communicating accessible pathways for individuals in the region to engage with the strategy • Environment and Quality of Life f mplementation. • Local Economies and Livelihoods • ealth During the "Solution Co-creation Stage,"the Project Team administered digital surveys, attended community events, and organized small group meetings to engage additional defined by community members through the "Principles and residents,town staff, and other local leaders. Through these Priorities development Stage"; and 3}fitting into the specific engagement activities,the Project Team identified a wide regulatory contexts of the 11 towns in the region. range of climate action strategies that set a vision for regional action through: 1)facilitating progress toward state climate From that list of strategies, Working Group members met action goals; 2) addressing the principles and priorities as three times from August through October to identify ten �� %/ • • ° • 1: 1 1 1 strategies to be developed into implementation toolkits. Working Groups were composed of residents,town staff, and local leaders with expertise or interest in each topic,to ensure that the toolkits were grounded in the lived experiences of residents in the region.The toolkits were chosen for their potential for impact, relative level of importance to community members,time-sensitivity, and relative complexity for implementation (i.e., involve a number of partners, steps, or phases to implement},thereby benefiting most from a toolkit to support implementation. The community process concluded with two implementation workshops to support staff and key stakeholders from the 11 towns in the project region to engage with the recommendations of Penobscot Climate Action. The workshops provided space for town staff and key stakeholders to strategize, share resources, and deepen supportive relationships toward shared goals. i, !/ Penobscot Climate Action Vulnerability Assessment Basin Runoff Analysis - Results Prepared by Linnean Solutions in cooperation with BSC Group LINNEAN �o I��i�a�ns �� r�'�'�.....��' �i�vr��ar� S��u�tions Introduction This analysis is designed to allow for the calculation of surface runoff from a specific basin based on user defined rainfall inputs. Using simple data inputs, the excel spreadsheet that is created allows the user to model, iterate, and generally understand the runoff dynamics in a study area. For this analysis, the results point to a relationship between impervious surface and runoff, as well as the potential mitigating factor of more vegetated cover types. Further, by inputting various rainfall amounts and observing the runoff estimates we begin to see the non- linear relationship between rainfall and runoff. This analysis, and the spreadsheet tool which accompanies this report, are very useful tools in planning, hazard mitigation, and future development planning. By manipulating the variables in the excel sheet, various scenarios are able to be modeled, which could be rain events, development proposals, or Green Infrastructure projects. Simplified Methods This analysis utilizes the NRCS TR-55 method of calculating runoff based on runoff coefficients (aka curve numbers) which are determined by the cover type and hydrologic soil group of a given area. �,�,��^^��" ,,, ��cuv� �x�, ��ir� L.��ru��ar �� i��T��+��►��,��r�u� �� r� � , �� >�a �� r �+��9N"1w��'��1�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�..�.� . � �a�a,,x�� ,,,;� �Y�' , yi ,� �"»��°"".� � � !a/%� �y� � , , ��u�,��r � �,,, i�. , � � �� „ � a �%, �a��r�rwru��C�� ii��`� �. � ��,i,.! Glfll@�� / / /N � h°i3fl1 .. y ,�� , ��.�„�� ' „ e,�,e ��U '. %`�� "„ � rr rin � ��j�i/ � il��r r��k��i �/ `� ��n�r� Nu a� a�f�� f01k'� i .. `fj��j �j ��I rl'L �///� 4YY'ii ", ��j� � �� Ir/ te�SC�E(l�CV161{}IOFI=, �� ,/�/ / , ,,,, �� . � � � �,; /,�� %, �.� � � , i,; �� i�� ,, „� /%i��1�/��//, ,,"� ��°��! �i�, ��!�;%�%%�%%, s �r/G i, � �. � � ��i/i��i� _ _. , o, �� , �, , ��,, ,, '%�'�' �� °` . �� / '' �; � //J �� a. YW�11 .,• ".145'JIiY�fIG'f..11 //� � , ,,,,� ry u(�✓�/ „/r'/ .� � , r i r�aJlpre �� C7a:rlharn,. � . /�/, /��//%/�, �� d�f(''� „�� y � . � . w� �i, r�,//�� _ , ,,., %�/,�% � �� µ�r , ,,. 7Nfrd�a�upa�aoB .� � , � �.� �.� �.� �.� � t, p�� 1�9�f�� Cflyo(I,. �rar I �� ner..fN v�f4e� .��ck.f, Itlll6`{,ni r i1 fi�z�p'� MfYI1NAfA. I,t� If�b fVY�v,'d, �l'iC1Ft Nflo�oCOP. , . �i�vr��ar� S��u�tions In order to calculate runoff for the basins chosen, land cover data and soil data were combined into a single GIS layer, and then each basin acted as a 'cookie cutter' to yield the surface data forjust that area. This resulted in a soil/land cover layer for each basin. Then, an excel spreadsheet was used to perform the calculations. This spreadsheet allows for the iteration of various development scenarios, by allowing the user to change amounts of cover type and modeling the results. There are several caveats to keep in mind when using this analysis, and when modeling in the spreadsheet. Firstly, this is only a high-level estimate of runoff potential, and does not account for sewer infrastructure, or for larger water bodies which may act as buffers to runoff depending on their water level at the time of a rainfall event. What this analysis does provide, in addition to the basin delineation, is a general sense of what an increase in precipitation will do to runoff. The user is encouraged to consult regional projections and input various scenarios into the spreadsheet—utilize the 24-hour storm when consulting rainfall projections/charts. Results The following tables compare the results of a 1", 2", and 4" rainfall event modeled in the four study area zones - maps of each of these zones can be found further in this report. While the study areas vary greatly in size, their per acre runoff appears to be fairly consistent. Another trend that's revealed when modeling multiple scenarios is that with each 100% increase in rainfall, there is a more than 100% increase in runoff, revealing that the relationship between rainfall and runoff is not linear. 1" Rainfall Acres Runoff(gal.) Runoff per Acre Zone 1 961.89 12,002,831.03 12,478.42 Zone 2 3,749.55 43,217,290.31 11,525.99 Zone 3 497.15 6,710,035.99 13,496.98 Zone 4 45,690.72 556,191,003.21 12,172.95 2" Rainfall Acres Runoff(gal.) Runoff per Acre Zone 1 961.89 33,196,525.62 34,511.88 Zone 2 3,749.55 122,586,452.59 32,693.64 Zone 3 497.15 18,063,200.22 36,333.42 Zone 4 45,690.72 1,549,881,952.38 33,921.16 4" Rainfall Acres Runoff(gal.) Runoff per Acre Zone 1 961.89 81,401,329.79 84,626.71 Zone 2 3,749.55 306,878,700.15 81,844.14 Zone 3 497.15 43,383,859.55 87,264.94 Zone 4 45,690.72 3,824,669,661.41 83,707.81 �i�vr��ar� S��u�tions Another useful feature of this analysis is the ability to breakout data by cover type. Breaking down the zones by cover type helps to reveal the character of each basin. These categories can be further understood by referring to the spreadsheet tab 'LandCoverClass' to see how National Land Cover Datasets (NLCD) data was transformed to align with the categories found in the TR-55 method. These transformations were performed with consideration for the hydrologic characteristics of a given cover type, and in some cases the title can be misleading. Open space Highly Developed Woods Zone 1 53.91 6% 64.70 7% 714.53 74% Zone 2 85.22 2% 62.88 2% 3,442.04 92% Zone 3 82.13 17% 265.84 53% 5.85 1% Zone 4 1,843.84 4% 1,618.32 4% 34,454.75 75% Breaking out the data by cover type and comparing the composition of zones with their total runoff per acre reveals the impact of a seemingly small amount of development—i.e., impervious surface. Similarly, modeling can be done to 'visualize' the impact of revegetation for a certain number of acres, or conversion of one land cover to another. Please refer to the attached spreadsheet for more detail and additional explanation. Using the Spreadsheet The accompanying spreadsheet offers a breakdown of the various surface and soil types, their surface area, and the amount of runoff for each type. It also has several colored cells which indicate that they are inputs into the calculation. If a cell is not colored in, do not edit it or you will impact the formulae which are automating the calculations. The various inputs are as follows: • Inputs: Allows the user to enter a custom rainfall value • Grid Code & Soil Group:This variable allows for modeling of cover changes in the basin—it is suggested that a copy of the tab first be made to preserve the original tab. • Acres: This also allows for the custom entry of area for each cover/soil combination, again allowing the user another way to model proposed or actual change in the landscape. �i�vr��ar� S��u�tions Inputs C[�nversian table: Gallrsn Acee-Feet ReimfalU�P� i.�Q i.00 aasssa.00 s={l000lcNl/io c�-{v-o.zs)'!ir+n.as� Run-OEf Calsulations G��36!?'�:�'L�Cfflkt# Run-C1Iff Calculations TR•54 Ca¢egnry Grid�Cade Soil�wnoup ConcarenaTBan CN Acres 5•�llumber Run-l71H(QJ Inthes Conv.To feet AcRe•Feet Gallons Opea�Space-good candotion 1 C 1C 74 3.05 1.35 0,45 4.�4 C7.12 37,76i dpe�Spece-good condiitivn i C/d 1C/0 �7 85.15 1.30 0.47 4.04 2.53 823,58& Qpem.Space-good candiikion 1 ID 1P 84 13.52 1.25 p.48 4.@4 q.55 179,650 1/4acrzResiderrfiaV 2 C 2C 83 5.�� 1.2p p.48 q.p4 tl.21 57,325 1/4 acre ftesid�nYiaO 2 C1D 2C/D 85 126.78 1,.Il8 q.49 fl.m4 5.1,9 T,691,17d 1jA acre Residentiall 2 V� 20 S7 11.03 1.g5 O.Sp C1.4A 0.46 10.8,598 1/8 acre Resid�entiaV 3 C 9C 90 9.54 1.Il.1 0.51 O.iD4 0.4a 131,a53� 1J$acre Residentiall 3 �lCl 3�C/LB 91 205.48 1.9.0 �.51 0.4D4 8.72 2,84�,26{1 1J8 acre aesidsntia0 8 � 3p 92 14.91 1.04 0.51 O.iD4 0.64 207,233. Camm�rcial&dusdnz�s a C 4C 9q 4.92 7..Q6 Q.S2 p.fD4 q.17 S�6,RS8 �C�.amme�r�cial&6usiness 4 Cll7 AL/b 95 26.25 S.(36 b.52 4.@4 1.13 3f9,8q5 Ccamm�rcial&Bus�ness 4 ID 4Q 95 5.65 1.05 0.52 0.04 Q.24� 79,&31 Geavel 5 C1D SC/D 90 0.39� L9.1 0.51 O.m4 �.Q2 5,341 1Noods-gaodcondikkon 6 C1D 6C/D 7R 5.85 1.36 0.45 4.�4 0.�2 71,953� Totals 497.15 35.37 6.91 0��.58 2Q.SJ 6��710��ad3b p � 1 � . • . . ,,,,,,, ,, ;,, , ,,, ,,y,,,,, , , ,,. ,,, ,;, , ,,,� , ,�,,.,, ,, � � �� , �� ,,,,��f� �� , . , � ,,,,,, .,, , ��,,�,,, ; , r, / ,,;; ///�/%ii %% i/ /,/,/-/�i/�„ %//,, Ji jl ,,,,,, /,f� r IT � �G/ � , ,<„ „ , ,,,,,, , , >„//// iii// / � ,/ �%, ��,� , „ ,,,,.,,; , ; �y�„ ii�%«r;o � �////�,��/,. �� / /i��i �� iiiii /�,,. ;, o „ , -,,, ,,.,. �;Stilluuater r, �i,r,...,� ,//,,,,��/s�,��,,, ;�„-,,,; //.//i/%��/i /,/��ii////,/,s;,, ;,, '; , ',� �i% � ,��io,,, „ �:..!; �� / /��ii%li/%//� � r l// � "�W�rf "�n� �' r� J f��/�%/��ji////�i�i�/�,� „�, r ii// i �� '°'�`,�t �� ,,, 1II1. « '� .� '� � /i�/ //� . 1 i i,� /'�„ � <,, J� ��/ �/� / ,� / i i �/ /�/ 16 �i�„ % �' ,�`'`^4f�y,� // % ,i �t ' � /i%��ii��//��j�/// i �� „Wr�y / ///a , �t �v //i, �l� i� r//i� %%� � �i��ii��i � � w ��r�� K�m+ ` ��V / �. �. 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